From dad883086b1449983223f5ed3d6103dbf99ca052 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Christine Dodrill Date: Sat, 23 May 2020 11:07:42 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] book: break the chapters up so it flows better on mdbook --- book/src/01_phonology/index.md | 90 ------------------ book/src/01_phonology/phonology.md | 31 +++++++ book/src/01_phonology/phonotactics.md | 27 ++++++ book/src/01_phonology/romanization.md | 17 ++++ book/src/01_phonology/writing.md | 13 +++ .../explicitly-ending-noun-phrases.md | 3 + book/src/03_nouns_verbs/index.md | 92 ------------------- book/src/03_nouns_verbs/modality.md | 9 ++ book/src/03_nouns_verbs/negation.md | 17 ++++ book/src/03_nouns_verbs/numbers.md | 24 +++++ book/src/03_nouns_verbs/other_noun_things.md | 8 ++ book/src/03_nouns_verbs/pronouns.md | 14 +++ book/src/03_nouns_verbs/verb-forms.md | 11 +++ .../independent-clause-structure.md | 26 ++++++ book/src/04_sentence/index.md | 78 ---------------- book/src/04_sentence/questions.md | 49 ++++++++++ book/src/SUMMARY.md | 13 +++ book/src/build.sh | 13 +++ 18 files changed, 275 insertions(+), 260 deletions(-) create mode 100644 book/src/01_phonology/phonology.md create mode 100644 book/src/01_phonology/phonotactics.md create mode 100644 book/src/01_phonology/romanization.md create mode 100644 book/src/01_phonology/writing.md create mode 100644 book/src/03_nouns_verbs/explicitly-ending-noun-phrases.md create mode 100644 book/src/03_nouns_verbs/modality.md create mode 100644 book/src/03_nouns_verbs/negation.md create mode 100644 book/src/03_nouns_verbs/numbers.md create mode 100644 book/src/03_nouns_verbs/other_noun_things.md create mode 100644 book/src/03_nouns_verbs/pronouns.md create mode 100644 book/src/03_nouns_verbs/verb-forms.md create mode 100644 book/src/04_sentence/independent-clause-structure.md create mode 100644 book/src/04_sentence/questions.md diff --git a/book/src/01_phonology/index.md b/book/src/01_phonology/index.md index ea4c6da..4222fd7 100644 --- a/book/src/01_phonology/index.md +++ b/book/src/01_phonology/index.md @@ -8,93 +8,3 @@ perfectly good example to use as a reference. There are two kinds of sounds in L'ewa, consonants and vowels. [ipa]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet - -## Consonants - -*Consonant inventory*: /d g h j k l m n p q s t w ʃ ʒ ʔ ʙ̥/ - -| Manner/Place | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | Glottal | -|---------------------|----------|----------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------------|--------|---------| -| Nasal | m | n | | | | | | | -| Stop | p | t d | | | k g | | q | ʔ | -| Fricative | f | s | ʃ ʒ | | | | | h | -| Approximant | | | | j | | w | | | -| Trill | ʙ̥ | r | | | | | | | -| Lateral approximant | | l | | | | | | | - -The weirdest consonant is /ʙ̥/, which is a voiceless bilabial trill, or blowing -air through your lips without making sound. This is intended to imitate a noise -an orca would make. - -## Vowels - -*Vowel inventory*: /a ɛ i o u/ - -*Diphthongs*: au, oi, ua, ue, uo, ai, ɛi - -| | Front | Back | -|----------|-------|------| -| High | i | u | -| High-mid | | o | -| Low-mid | ɛ | | -| Low | a | | - -## Phonotactics - -I plan to have two main kinds of words in L'ewa. I plan to have content and -particle words. The content words will refer to things, properties, or actions -(such as `tool`, `red`, `run`) and the particle words will change how the -grammar of a sentence works (such as `the` or prepositions). - -The main kind of content word is a root word, and they will be in the following -forms: - -- CVCCV (/ʒa.sko/) -- CCVCV (/lʔ.ɛwa/) - -Particles will mostly fall into the following forms: - -- V (/a/) -- VV (/ai/) -- CV (/ba/) -- CVV (/bai/) - -Proper names _should_ end with consonants, but there is no hard requirement. - -L'ewa is a stressed language, with stress on the second-to-last (penultimate) -syllable. For example, the word "zasko" would be pronounced "ZAsko". - -Syllables end on stop consonants if one is present in a consonant cluster. Two -stop consonants cannot follow eachother in a row. - -## Writing - -I haven't completely fleshed this part out yet, but I want the writing system of -L'ewa to be an [abugida][abugida]. This is a kind of written script that has the -consonants make the larger shapes but the vowels are small diacritics over the -consonants. If the word creation process is done right, you can actually omit -the vowels entirely if they are not relevant. - -[abugida]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida - -I plan to have this script be written by hand with pencils/pen and typed into -computers, just like English. This script will also be a left-to-right script -like English. - -## Romanisation - -L'ewa's romanization is intentionally simple. Most of the IPA letters keep their -letters, but the ones that do not match to Latin letters are listed below: - -| Pronunciation | Spelling | -|---------------|----------| -| /j/ | *y* | -| /ɛ/ | *e* | -| /ʃ/ | *x* | -| /ʒ/ | *z* | -| /ʔ/ | *'* | -| /ʙ̥/ | *b* | - -This is designed to make every letter typeable on a standard US keyboard, as -well as mapping as many letters as possible on the home row of a QWERTY -keyboard. diff --git a/book/src/01_phonology/phonology.md b/book/src/01_phonology/phonology.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..93e8f13 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/01_phonology/phonology.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +## Phonology + +### Consonants + +*Consonant inventory*: /d f g h j k l m n p q r s t w ʃ ʒ ʔ ʙ̥/ + +| Manner/Place | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | Glottal | +|---------------------|----------|----------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------------|--------|---------| +| Nasal | m | n | | | | | | | +| Stop | p | t d | | | k g | | q | ʔ | +| Fricative | f | s | ʃ ʒ | | | | | h | +| Approximant | | | | j | | w | | | +| Trill | ʙ̥ | r | | | | | | | +| Lateral approximant | | l | | | | | | | + +The weirdest consonant is /ʙ̥/, which is a voiceless bilabial trill, or blowing +air through your lips without making sound. This is intended to imitate a noise +an orca would make. + +### Vowels + +*Vowel inventory*: /a ɛ i o u/ + +*Diphthongs*: au, oi, ua, ue, uo, ai, ɛi + +| | Front | Back | +|----------|-------|------| +| High | i | u | +| High-mid | | o | +| Low-mid | ɛ | | +| Low | a | | diff --git a/book/src/01_phonology/phonotactics.md b/book/src/01_phonology/phonotactics.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..45d80e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/01_phonology/phonotactics.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +## Phonotactics + +I plan to have two main kinds of words in L'ewa. I plan to have content and +particle words. The content words will refer to things, properties, or actions +(such as `tool`, `red`, `run`) and the particle words will change how the +grammar of a sentence works (such as `the` or prepositions). + +The main kind of content word is a root word, and they will be in the following +forms: + +- CVCCV (/ʒa.sko/) +- CCVCV (/lʔ.ɛwa/) + +Particles will mostly fall into the following forms: + +- V (/a/) +- VV (/ai/) +- CV (/ba/) +- CVV (/bai/) + +Proper names _should_ end with consonants, but there is no hard requirement. + +L'ewa is a stressed language, with stress on the second-to-last (penultimate) +syllable. For example, the word "zasko" would be pronounced "ZAsko". + +Syllables end on stop consonants if one is present in a consonant cluster. Two +stop consonants cannot follow eachother in a row. diff --git a/book/src/01_phonology/romanization.md b/book/src/01_phonology/romanization.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a33dafa --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/01_phonology/romanization.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +## Romanization + +L'ewa's romanization is intentionally simple. Most of the IPA letters keep their +letters, but the ones that do not match to Latin letters are listed below: + +| Pronunciation | Spelling | +|---------------|----------| +| /j/ | *y* | +| /ɛ/ | *e* | +| /ʃ/ | *x* | +| /ʒ/ | *z* | +| /ʔ/ | *'* | +| /ʙ̥/ | *b* | + +This is designed to make every letter typeable on a standard US keyboard, as +well as mapping as many letters as possible on the home row of a QWERTY +keyboard. diff --git a/book/src/01_phonology/writing.md b/book/src/01_phonology/writing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bba330c --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/01_phonology/writing.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +## Writing + +I haven't completely fleshed this part out yet, but I want the writing system of +L'ewa to be an [abugida][abugida]. This is a kind of written script that has the +consonants make the larger shapes but the vowels are small diacritics over the +consonants. If the word creation process is done right, you can actually omit +the vowels entirely if they are not relevant. + +[abugida]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida + +I plan to have this script be written by hand with pencils/pen and typed into +computers, just like English. This script will also be a left-to-right script +like English. diff --git a/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/explicitly-ending-noun-phrases.md b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/explicitly-ending-noun-phrases.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bcb3e67 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/explicitly-ending-noun-phrases.md @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +## Explicitly Ending Noun Phrases + +In case it is otherwise confusing, ko can be used to end noun phrases grammatically. diff --git a/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/index.md b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/index.md index a465af6..5c299be 100644 --- a/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/index.md +++ b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/index.md @@ -1,94 +1,2 @@ # Fun with Nouns and Verbs -## Other Noun Things - -At a high level, noun-phrases can be marked for direct ownership or number. The -general pattern is like this: - -``` -
[pronoun] [negation] [number] -``` - -## Pronouns - -Here's some of the pronouns: - -| English | L'ewa | -| --------------------- | ----- | -| me, I | mi | -| My system and I | mi'a | -| you | ro | -| we (all-inclusive) | mi'o | -| your system and you | ro'a | -| This (near me) | ti | -| That (near you) | ta | -| That (far away) | tu | - -## Numbers - -Numbers are in [base six][seximal]. Here are a few numerals: - -[seximal]: https://www.seximal.net/ - -| Decimal | Seximal | L'ewa | -| ------- | ------- | ----- | -| 0 | 0 | zo | -| 1 | 1 | ja | -| 2 | 2 | he | -| 3 | 3 | xu | -| 4 | 4 | ho | -| 5 | 5 | qi | -| 6 | 10 | jazo | -| 36 | 100 | gau | - -Here are few non-numerals-but-technically-still-numbers-I-guess: - -| English | L'ewa | -| --------------- | ----- | -| all | to | -| some | ra'o | -| number-question | so | - -## Negation - -As L'ewa is more of a logical language, it has several forms of negation. Here -are a few: - -| English | L'ewa | -| --------------------- | ----- | -| contradiction | na | -| total scalar negation | na'o | -| particle negation | nai | - -na can be placed before the sentence's verb too: - -``` -ti na spalo -This is something other than an apple -``` - -## Verb Forms - -Verbs have one form in L'ewa. Aspects like tense or the perfective aspect are -marked with particles. Here's a table of the common ones: - -| English | L'ewa | -| ---------- | ----- | -| past tense | qu | -| present tense | qa | -| future tense | qo | -| perfective aspect | qe | - -## Modality - -Modality is going to be expressed with emotion words. These words have not been -assigned yet, but their grammar will be a lot looser than the normal L'ewa -particle grammar. They will allow any two vowels in any combination that might -otherwise make them not "legal" for particles. - -- VV (ii) -- V'V (i'i) - -## Explicitly Ending Noun Phrases - -In case it is otherwise confusing, ko can be used to end noun phrases grammatically. diff --git a/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/modality.md b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/modality.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7966fc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/modality.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +## Modality + +Modality is going to be expressed with emotion words. These words have not been +assigned yet, but their grammar will be a lot looser than the normal L'ewa +particle grammar. They will allow any two vowels in any combination that might +otherwise make them not "legal" for particles. + +- VV (ii) +- V'V (i'i) diff --git a/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/negation.md b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/negation.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3318ae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/negation.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +## Negation + +As L'ewa is more of a logical language, it has several forms of negation. Here +are a few: + +| English | L'ewa | +| --------------------- | ----- | +| contradiction | na | +| total scalar negation | na'o | +| particle negation | nai | + +na can be placed before the sentence's verb too: + +``` +ti na spalo +This is something other than an apple +``` diff --git a/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/numbers.md b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/numbers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..706c9b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/numbers.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +## Numbers + +Numbers are in [base six][seximal]. Here are a few numerals: + +[seximal]: https://www.seximal.net/ + +| Decimal | Seximal | L'ewa | +| ------- | ------- | ----- | +| 0 | 0 | zo | +| 1 | 1 | ja | +| 2 | 2 | he | +| 3 | 3 | xu | +| 4 | 4 | ho | +| 5 | 5 | qi | +| 6 | 10 | jazo | +| 36 | 100 | gau | + +Here are few non-numerals-but-technically-still-numbers-I-guess: + +| English | L'ewa | +| --------------- | ----- | +| all | to | +| some | ra'o | +| number-question | so | diff --git a/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/other_noun_things.md b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/other_noun_things.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53747d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/other_noun_things.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +## Other Noun Things + +At a high level, noun-phrases can be marked for direct ownership or number. The +general pattern is like this: + +``` +
[pronoun] [negation] [number] +``` diff --git a/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/pronouns.md b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/pronouns.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..37955d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/pronouns.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +## Pronouns + +Here's some of the pronouns: + +| English | L'ewa | +| --------------------- | ----- | +| me, I | mi | +| My system and I | mi'a | +| you | ro | +| we (all-inclusive) | mi'o | +| your system and you | ro'a | +| This (near me) | ti | +| That (near you) | ta | +| That (far away) | tu | diff --git a/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/verb-forms.md b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/verb-forms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6dcf28b --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/03_nouns_verbs/verb-forms.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +## Verb Forms + +Verbs have one form in L'ewa. Aspects like tense or the perfective aspect are +marked with particles. Here's a table of the common ones: + +| English | L'ewa | +| ---------- | ----- | +| past tense | qu | +| present tense | qa | +| future tense | qo | +| perfective aspect | qe | diff --git a/book/src/04_sentence/independent-clause-structure.md b/book/src/04_sentence/independent-clause-structure.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7eb9791 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/04_sentence/independent-clause-structure.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +## Independent Clause Structure + +Most of the time L'ewa sentences have only one clause. This can be anything from +a single verb to a subject, verb and object. However, sometimes more information +is needed. Consider this sentence: + +``` +The dog which is blue is large. +``` + +This kind of a relative clause would be denoted using `hoi`, which would make +the sentence roughly the following in L'ewa: + +``` +le wufra hoi blanu xi brado. +``` + +The particle `xi` is needed here in order to make it explicit that the subject +noun-phrase has ended. + +Similarly, an incidental relative clause is done with with `joi`: + +``` +le wufra joi blanu ke brado +the dog, which by the way is blue, is big. +``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/book/src/04_sentence/index.md b/book/src/04_sentence/index.md index 5d753f4..cd3a208 100644 --- a/book/src/04_sentence/index.md +++ b/book/src/04_sentence/index.md @@ -1,79 +1 @@ # Sentence Structure Semantics - -## Independent Clause Structure - -Most of the time L'ewa sentences have only one clause. This can be anything from -a single verb to a subject, verb and object. However, sometimes more information -is needed. Consider this sentence: - -``` -The dog which is blue is large. -``` - -This kind of a relative clause would be denoted using `hoi`, which would make -the sentence roughly the following in L'ewa: - -``` -le wufra hoi blanu xi brado. -``` - -The particle `xi` is needed here in order to make it explicit that the subject -noun-phrase has ended. - -Similarly, an incidental relative clause is done with with `joi`: - -``` -le wufra joi blanu ke brado -the dog, which by the way is blue, is big. -``` - -## Questions - -There are a few ways to ask questions in L'ewa. They correlate to the different -kinds of things that the speaker could want to know. - -### `ma` - -`ma` is the particle used to fill in a missing/unknown noun phrase. Consider -these sentences: - -``` -ma blanu? -what is blue? -``` - -``` -ro qa madsa ma? -you are eating what? -``` - -### `no` - -`no` is the particle used to fill in a missing/unknown verb. Consider these -sentences: - -``` -ro no? -How are you doing? -``` - -``` -le wufra xi no? -The dog did what? -``` - -### `so` - -`so` is the particle used to ask questions about numbers, similar to the "how -many" construct in English. - -``` -ro madsa so spalo? -You ate how many apples? -``` - -``` -le so zasko xi qa'te glowa -How many plants grow quickly? -``` - diff --git a/book/src/04_sentence/questions.md b/book/src/04_sentence/questions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d927d20 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/04_sentence/questions.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +## Questions + +There are a few ways to ask questions in L'ewa. They correlate to the different +kinds of things that the speaker could want to know. + +### `ma` + +`ma` is the particle used to fill in a missing/unknown noun phrase. Consider +these sentences: + +``` +ma blanu? +what is blue? +``` + +``` +ro qa madsa ma? +you are eating what? +``` + +### `no` + +`no` is the particle used to fill in a missing/unknown verb. Consider these +sentences: + +``` +ro no? +How are you doing? +``` + +``` +le wufra xi no? +The dog did what? +``` + +### `so` + +`so` is the particle used to ask questions about numbers, similar to the "how +many" construct in English. + +``` +ro madsa so spalo? +You ate how many apples? +``` + +``` +le so zasko xi qa'te glowa +How many plants grow quickly? +``` diff --git a/book/src/SUMMARY.md b/book/src/SUMMARY.md index c64deb9..bfef107 100644 --- a/book/src/SUMMARY.md +++ b/book/src/SUMMARY.md @@ -5,12 +5,25 @@ - [eBook Version](./intro/ebook.md) - [Changelog](./intro/CHANGELOG.md) - [Phonology and Writing](./01_phonology/index.md) + - [Phonology](./01_phonology/phonology.md) + - [Romanization](./01_phonology/romanization.md) + - [Phonotactics](./01_phonology/phonotactics.md) + - [Writing](./01_phonology/writing.md) - [Morphosyntactic Typology](./02_typology/index.md) - [Word Order](./02_typology/word_order.md) - [Morphological Typology](./02_typology/typology.md) - [Fun with Nouns and Verbs](./03_nouns_verbs/index.md) + - [Other Noun Things](./03_nouns_verbs/other_noun_things.md) + - [Pronouns](./03_nouns_verbs/pronouns.md) + - [Numbers](./03_nouns_verbs/numbers.md) + - [Negation](./03_nouns_verbs/negation.md) + - [Verb Forms](./03_nouns_verbs/verb-forms.md) + - [Modality](./03_nouns_verbs/modality.md) + - [Explicitly Ending Noun Phrases](./03_nouns_verbs/explicitly-ending-noun-phrases.md) - [Color Words](./03_nouns_verbs/colors.md) - [Sentence Structure Semantics](./04_sentence/index.md) + - [Independent Clause Structure](./04_sentence/independent-clause-structure.md) + - [Questions](./04_sentence/questions.md) - [Lexicon](./05_lexicon/index.md) - [Word Distinctions](./05_lexicon/distinctions.md) - [Family Terms](./05_lexicon/family.md) diff --git a/book/src/build.sh b/book/src/build.sh index 3b2f1b1..94b9ecc 100755 --- a/book/src/build.sh +++ b/book/src/build.sh @@ -8,15 +8,28 @@ intro/index.md intro/CHANGELOG.md 01_phonology/index.md + 01_phonology/phonology.md + 01_phonology/romanization.md + 01_phonology/phonotactics.md + 01_phonology/writing.md 02_typology/index.md 02_typology/word_order.md 02_typology/typology.md 03_nouns_verbs/index.md + 03_nouns_verbs/other_noun_things.md + 03_nouns_verbs/pronouns.md + 03_nouns_verbs/numbers.md + 03_nouns_verbs/negation.md + 03_nouns_verbs/verb-forms.md + 03_nouns_verbs/modality.md + 03_nouns_verbs/explicitly-ending-noun-phrases.md 03_nouns_verbs/colors.md 04_sentence/index.md + 04_sentence/independent-clause-structure.md + 04_sentence/questions.md 05_lexicon/index.md 05_lexicon/distinctions.md