package bolt_test import ( "bytes" "encoding/binary" "errors" "fmt" "log" "math/rand" "os" "strconv" "strings" "testing" "testing/quick" "github.com/boltdb/bolt" ) // Ensure that a bucket that gets a non-existent key returns nil. func TestBucket_Get_NonExistent(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if v := b.Get([]byte("foo")); v != nil { t.Fatal("expected nil value") } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a bucket can read a value that is not flushed yet. func TestBucket_Get_FromNode(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if v := b.Get([]byte("foo")); !bytes.Equal(v, []byte("bar")) { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v", v) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a bucket retrieved via Get() returns a nil. func TestBucket_Get_IncompatibleValue(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { _, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if _, err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).CreateBucket([]byte("foo")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo")) != nil { t.Fatal("expected nil value") } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a slice returned from a bucket has a capacity equal to its length. // This also allows slices to be appended to since it will require a realloc by Go. // // https://github.com/boltdb/bolt/issues/544 func TestBucket_Get_Capacity(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() // Write key to a bucket. if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("bucket")) if err != nil { return err } return b.Put([]byte("key"), []byte("val")) }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } // Retrieve value and attempt to append to it. if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { k, v := tx.Bucket([]byte("bucket")).Cursor().First() // Verify capacity. if len(k) != cap(k) { t.Fatalf("unexpected key slice capacity: %d", cap(k)) } else if len(v) != cap(v) { t.Fatalf("unexpected value slice capacity: %d", cap(v)) } // Ensure slice can be appended to without a segfault. k = append(k, []byte("123")...) v = append(v, []byte("123")...) return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a bucket can write a key/value. func TestBucket_Put(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } v := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo")) if !bytes.Equal([]byte("bar"), v) { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v", v) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a bucket can rewrite a key in the same transaction. func TestBucket_Put_Repeat(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("baz")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo")) if !bytes.Equal([]byte("baz"), value) { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v", value) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a bucket can write a bunch of large values. func TestBucket_Put_Large(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() count, factor := 100, 200 if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } for i := 1; i < count; i++ { if err := b.Put([]byte(strings.Repeat("0", i*factor)), []byte(strings.Repeat("X", (count-i)*factor))); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) for i := 1; i < count; i++ { value := b.Get([]byte(strings.Repeat("0", i*factor))) if !bytes.Equal(value, []byte(strings.Repeat("X", (count-i)*factor))) { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v", value) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a database can perform multiple large appends safely. func TestDB_Put_VeryLarge(t *testing.T) { if testing.Short() { t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.") } n, batchN := 400000, 200000 ksize, vsize := 8, 500 db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() for i := 0; i < n; i += batchN { if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } for j := 0; j < batchN; j++ { k, v := make([]byte, ksize), make([]byte, vsize) binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(k, uint32(i+j)) if err := b.Put(k, v); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } } // Ensure that a setting a value on a key with a bucket value returns an error. func TestBucket_Put_IncompatibleValue(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b0, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if _, err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).CreateBucket([]byte("foo")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b0.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != bolt.ErrIncompatibleValue { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a setting a value while the transaction is closed returns an error. func TestBucket_Put_Closed(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() tx, err := db.Begin(true) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := tx.Rollback(); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != bolt.ErrTxClosed { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } } // Ensure that setting a value on a read-only bucket returns an error. func TestBucket_Put_ReadOnly(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if _, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != bolt.ErrTxNotWritable { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a bucket can delete an existing key. func TestBucket_Delete(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Delete([]byte("foo")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if v := b.Get([]byte("foo")); v != nil { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v", v) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that deleting a large set of keys will work correctly. func TestBucket_Delete_Large(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } for i := 0; i < 100; i++ { if err := b.Put([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i)), []byte(strings.Repeat("*", 1024))); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) for i := 0; i < 100; i++ { if err := b.Delete([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i))); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) for i := 0; i < 100; i++ { if v := b.Get([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i))); v != nil { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v, i=%d", v, i) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Deleting a very large list of keys will cause the freelist to use overflow. func TestBucket_Delete_FreelistOverflow(t *testing.T) { if testing.Short() { t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.") } db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() k := make([]byte, 16) for i := uint64(0); i < 10000; i++ { if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte("0")) if err != nil { t.Fatalf("bucket error: %s", err) } for j := uint64(0); j < 1000; j++ { binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(k[:8], i) binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(k[8:], j) if err := b.Put(k, nil); err != nil { t.Fatalf("put error: %s", err) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Delete all of them in one large transaction if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b := tx.Bucket([]byte("0")) c := b.Cursor() for k, _ := c.First(); k != nil; k, _ = c.Next() { if err := c.Delete(); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that accessing and updating nested buckets is ok across transactions. func TestBucket_Nested(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { // Create a widgets bucket. b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } // Create a widgets/foo bucket. _, err = b.CreateBucket([]byte("foo")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } // Create a widgets/bar key. if err := b.Put([]byte("bar"), []byte("0000")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } db.MustCheck() // Update widgets/bar. if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) if err := b.Put([]byte("bar"), []byte("xxxx")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } db.MustCheck() // Cause a split. if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { var b = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ { if err := b.Put([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i)), []byte(strconv.Itoa(i))); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } db.MustCheck() // Insert into widgets/foo/baz. if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { var b = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) if err := b.Bucket([]byte("foo")).Put([]byte("baz"), []byte("yyyy")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } db.MustCheck() // Verify. if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { var b = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) if v := b.Bucket([]byte("foo")).Get([]byte("baz")); !bytes.Equal(v, []byte("yyyy")) { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v", v) } if v := b.Get([]byte("bar")); !bytes.Equal(v, []byte("xxxx")) { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v", v) } for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ { if v := b.Get([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i))); !bytes.Equal(v, []byte(strconv.Itoa(i))) { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v", v) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that deleting a bucket using Delete() returns an error. func TestBucket_Delete_Bucket(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if _, err := b.CreateBucket([]byte("foo")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Delete([]byte("foo")); err != bolt.ErrIncompatibleValue { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that deleting a key on a read-only bucket returns an error. func TestBucket_Delete_ReadOnly(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if _, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Delete([]byte("foo")); err != bolt.ErrTxNotWritable { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a deleting value while the transaction is closed returns an error. func TestBucket_Delete_Closed(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() tx, err := db.Begin(true) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := tx.Rollback(); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Delete([]byte("foo")); err != bolt.ErrTxClosed { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } } // Ensure that deleting a bucket causes nested buckets to be deleted. func TestBucket_DeleteBucket_Nested(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { widgets, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } foo, err := widgets.CreateBucket([]byte("foo")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } bar, err := foo.CreateBucket([]byte("bar")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := bar.Put([]byte("baz"), []byte("bat")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).DeleteBucket([]byte("foo")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that deleting a bucket causes nested buckets to be deleted after they have been committed. func TestBucket_DeleteBucket_Nested2(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { widgets, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } foo, err := widgets.CreateBucket([]byte("foo")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } bar, err := foo.CreateBucket([]byte("bar")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := bar.Put([]byte("baz"), []byte("bat")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { widgets := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) if widgets == nil { t.Fatal("expected widgets bucket") } foo := widgets.Bucket([]byte("foo")) if foo == nil { t.Fatal("expected foo bucket") } bar := foo.Bucket([]byte("bar")) if bar == nil { t.Fatal("expected bar bucket") } if v := bar.Get([]byte("baz")); !bytes.Equal(v, []byte("bat")) { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v", v) } if err := tx.DeleteBucket([]byte("widgets")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) != nil { t.Fatal("expected bucket to be deleted") } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that deleting a child bucket with multiple pages causes all pages to get collected. // NOTE: Consistency check in bolt_test.DB.Close() will panic if pages not freed properly. func TestBucket_DeleteBucket_Large(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { widgets, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } foo, err := widgets.CreateBucket([]byte("foo")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ { if err := foo.Put([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%d", i)), []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%0100d", i))); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if err := tx.DeleteBucket([]byte("widgets")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a simple value retrieved via Bucket() returns a nil. func TestBucket_Bucket_IncompatibleValue(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { widgets, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := widgets.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Bucket([]byte("foo")); b != nil { t.Fatal("expected nil bucket") } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that creating a bucket on an existing non-bucket key returns an error. func TestBucket_CreateBucket_IncompatibleValue(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { widgets, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := widgets.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if _, err := widgets.CreateBucket([]byte("foo")); err != bolt.ErrIncompatibleValue { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that deleting a bucket on an existing non-bucket key returns an error. func TestBucket_DeleteBucket_IncompatibleValue(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { widgets, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := widgets.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).DeleteBucket([]byte("foo")); err != bolt.ErrIncompatibleValue { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure bucket can set and update its sequence number. func TestBucket_Sequence(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { bkt, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("0")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } // Retrieve sequence. if v := bkt.Sequence(); v != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected sequence: %d", v) } // Update sequence. if err := bkt.SetSequence(1000); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } // Read sequence again. if v := bkt.Sequence(); v != 1000 { t.Fatalf("unexpected sequence: %d", v) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } // Verify sequence in separate transaction. if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if v := tx.Bucket([]byte("0")).Sequence(); v != 1000 { t.Fatalf("unexpected sequence: %d", v) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a bucket can return an autoincrementing sequence. func TestBucket_NextSequence(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { widgets, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } woojits, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("woojits")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } // Make sure sequence increments. if seq, err := widgets.NextSequence(); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } else if seq != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpecte sequence: %d", seq) } if seq, err := widgets.NextSequence(); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } else if seq != 2 { t.Fatalf("unexpected sequence: %d", seq) } // Buckets should be separate. if seq, err := woojits.NextSequence(); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } else if seq != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpected sequence: %d", 1) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a bucket will persist an autoincrementing sequence even if its // the only thing updated on the bucket. // https://github.com/boltdb/bolt/issues/296 func TestBucket_NextSequence_Persist(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if _, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if _, err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).NextSequence(); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { seq, err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).NextSequence() if err != nil { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } else if seq != 2 { t.Fatalf("unexpected sequence: %d", seq) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that retrieving the next sequence on a read-only bucket returns an error. func TestBucket_NextSequence_ReadOnly(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if _, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { _, err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).NextSequence() if err != bolt.ErrTxNotWritable { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that retrieving the next sequence for a bucket on a closed database return an error. func TestBucket_NextSequence_Closed(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() tx, err := db.Begin(true) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := tx.Rollback(); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if _, err := b.NextSequence(); err != bolt.ErrTxClosed { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure a user can loop over all key/value pairs in a bucket. func TestBucket_ForEach(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("0000")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("baz"), []byte("0001")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("bar"), []byte("0002")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } var index int if err := b.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error { switch index { case 0: if !bytes.Equal(k, []byte("bar")) { t.Fatalf("unexpected key: %v", k) } else if !bytes.Equal(v, []byte("0002")) { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v", v) } case 1: if !bytes.Equal(k, []byte("baz")) { t.Fatalf("unexpected key: %v", k) } else if !bytes.Equal(v, []byte("0001")) { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v", v) } case 2: if !bytes.Equal(k, []byte("foo")) { t.Fatalf("unexpected key: %v", k) } else if !bytes.Equal(v, []byte("0000")) { t.Fatalf("unexpected value: %v", v) } } index++ return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if index != 3 { t.Fatalf("unexpected index: %d", index) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure a database can stop iteration early. func TestBucket_ForEach_ShortCircuit(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("bar"), []byte("0000")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("baz"), []byte("0000")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("0000")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } var index int if err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error { index++ if bytes.Equal(k, []byte("baz")) { return errors.New("marker") } return nil }); err == nil || err.Error() != "marker" { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } if index != 2 { t.Fatalf("unexpected index: %d", index) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that looping over a bucket on a closed database returns an error. func TestBucket_ForEach_Closed(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() tx, err := db.Begin(true) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := tx.Rollback(); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error { return nil }); err != bolt.ErrTxClosed { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } } // Ensure that an error is returned when inserting with an empty key. func TestBucket_Put_EmptyKey(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte(""), []byte("bar")); err != bolt.ErrKeyRequired { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } if err := b.Put(nil, []byte("bar")); err != bolt.ErrKeyRequired { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that an error is returned when inserting with a key that's too large. func TestBucket_Put_KeyTooLarge(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put(make([]byte, 32769), []byte("bar")); err != bolt.ErrKeyTooLarge { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that an error is returned when inserting a value that's too large. func TestBucket_Put_ValueTooLarge(t *testing.T) { // Skip this test on DroneCI because the machine is resource constrained. if os.Getenv("DRONE") == "true" { t.Skip("not enough RAM for test") } db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), make([]byte, bolt.MaxValueSize+1)); err != bolt.ErrValueTooLarge { t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure a bucket can calculate stats. func TestBucket_Stats(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() // Add bucket with fewer keys but one big value. bigKey := []byte("really-big-value") for i := 0; i < 500; i++ { if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte("woojits")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%03d", i)), []byte(strconv.Itoa(i))); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if err := tx.Bucket([]byte("woojits")).Put(bigKey, []byte(strings.Repeat("*", 10000))); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } db.MustCheck() if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { stats := tx.Bucket([]byte("woojits")).Stats() if stats.BranchPageN != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchPageN: %d", stats.BranchPageN) } else if stats.BranchOverflowN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchOverflowN: %d", stats.BranchOverflowN) } else if stats.LeafPageN != 7 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafPageN: %d", stats.LeafPageN) } else if stats.LeafOverflowN != 2 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafOverflowN: %d", stats.LeafOverflowN) } else if stats.KeyN != 501 { t.Fatalf("unexpected KeyN: %d", stats.KeyN) } else if stats.Depth != 2 { t.Fatalf("unexpected Depth: %d", stats.Depth) } branchInuse := 16 // branch page header branchInuse += 7 * 16 // branch elements branchInuse += 7 * 3 // branch keys (6 3-byte keys) if stats.BranchInuse != branchInuse { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchInuse: %d", stats.BranchInuse) } leafInuse := 7 * 16 // leaf page header leafInuse += 501 * 16 // leaf elements leafInuse += 500*3 + len(bigKey) // leaf keys leafInuse += 1*10 + 2*90 + 3*400 + 10000 // leaf values if stats.LeafInuse != leafInuse { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafInuse: %d", stats.LeafInuse) } // Only check allocations for 4KB pages. if os.Getpagesize() == 4096 { if stats.BranchAlloc != 4096 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchAlloc: %d", stats.BranchAlloc) } else if stats.LeafAlloc != 36864 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafAlloc: %d", stats.LeafAlloc) } } if stats.BucketN != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BucketN: %d", stats.BucketN) } else if stats.InlineBucketN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected InlineBucketN: %d", stats.InlineBucketN) } else if stats.InlineBucketInuse != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected InlineBucketInuse: %d", stats.InlineBucketInuse) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure a bucket with random insertion utilizes fill percentage correctly. func TestBucket_Stats_RandomFill(t *testing.T) { if testing.Short() { t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.") } else if os.Getpagesize() != 4096 { t.Skip("invalid page size for test") } db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() // Add a set of values in random order. It will be the same random // order so we can maintain consistency between test runs. var count int rand := rand.New(rand.NewSource(42)) for _, i := range rand.Perm(1000) { if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte("woojits")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } b.FillPercent = 0.9 for _, j := range rand.Perm(100) { index := (j * 10000) + i if err := b.Put([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%d000000000000000", index)), []byte("0000000000")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } count++ } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } db.MustCheck() if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { stats := tx.Bucket([]byte("woojits")).Stats() if stats.KeyN != 100000 { t.Fatalf("unexpected KeyN: %d", stats.KeyN) } if stats.BranchPageN != 98 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchPageN: %d", stats.BranchPageN) } else if stats.BranchOverflowN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchOverflowN: %d", stats.BranchOverflowN) } else if stats.BranchInuse != 130984 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchInuse: %d", stats.BranchInuse) } else if stats.BranchAlloc != 401408 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchAlloc: %d", stats.BranchAlloc) } if stats.LeafPageN != 3412 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafPageN: %d", stats.LeafPageN) } else if stats.LeafOverflowN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafOverflowN: %d", stats.LeafOverflowN) } else if stats.LeafInuse != 4742482 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafInuse: %d", stats.LeafInuse) } else if stats.LeafAlloc != 13975552 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafAlloc: %d", stats.LeafAlloc) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure a bucket can calculate stats. func TestBucket_Stats_Small(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { // Add a bucket that fits on a single root leaf. b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("whozawhats")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } db.MustCheck() if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b := tx.Bucket([]byte("whozawhats")) stats := b.Stats() if stats.BranchPageN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchPageN: %d", stats.BranchPageN) } else if stats.BranchOverflowN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchOverflowN: %d", stats.BranchOverflowN) } else if stats.LeafPageN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafPageN: %d", stats.LeafPageN) } else if stats.LeafOverflowN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafOverflowN: %d", stats.LeafOverflowN) } else if stats.KeyN != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpected KeyN: %d", stats.KeyN) } else if stats.Depth != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpected Depth: %d", stats.Depth) } else if stats.BranchInuse != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchInuse: %d", stats.BranchInuse) } else if stats.LeafInuse != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafInuse: %d", stats.LeafInuse) } if os.Getpagesize() == 4096 { if stats.BranchAlloc != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchAlloc: %d", stats.BranchAlloc) } else if stats.LeafAlloc != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafAlloc: %d", stats.LeafAlloc) } } if stats.BucketN != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BucketN: %d", stats.BucketN) } else if stats.InlineBucketN != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpected InlineBucketN: %d", stats.InlineBucketN) } else if stats.InlineBucketInuse != 16+16+6 { t.Fatalf("unexpected InlineBucketInuse: %d", stats.InlineBucketInuse) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } func TestBucket_Stats_EmptyBucket(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { // Add a bucket that fits on a single root leaf. if _, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("whozawhats")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } db.MustCheck() if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b := tx.Bucket([]byte("whozawhats")) stats := b.Stats() if stats.BranchPageN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchPageN: %d", stats.BranchPageN) } else if stats.BranchOverflowN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchOverflowN: %d", stats.BranchOverflowN) } else if stats.LeafPageN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafPageN: %d", stats.LeafPageN) } else if stats.LeafOverflowN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafOverflowN: %d", stats.LeafOverflowN) } else if stats.KeyN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected KeyN: %d", stats.KeyN) } else if stats.Depth != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpected Depth: %d", stats.Depth) } else if stats.BranchInuse != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchInuse: %d", stats.BranchInuse) } else if stats.LeafInuse != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafInuse: %d", stats.LeafInuse) } if os.Getpagesize() == 4096 { if stats.BranchAlloc != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchAlloc: %d", stats.BranchAlloc) } else if stats.LeafAlloc != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafAlloc: %d", stats.LeafAlloc) } } if stats.BucketN != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BucketN: %d", stats.BucketN) } else if stats.InlineBucketN != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpected InlineBucketN: %d", stats.InlineBucketN) } else if stats.InlineBucketInuse != 16 { t.Fatalf("unexpected InlineBucketInuse: %d", stats.InlineBucketInuse) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure a bucket can calculate stats. func TestBucket_Stats_Nested(t *testing.T) { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("foo")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } for i := 0; i < 100; i++ { if err := b.Put([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%02d", i)), []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%02d", i))); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } bar, err := b.CreateBucket([]byte("bar")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } for i := 0; i < 10; i++ { if err := bar.Put([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i)), []byte(strconv.Itoa(i))); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } baz, err := bar.CreateBucket([]byte("baz")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } for i := 0; i < 10; i++ { if err := baz.Put([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i)), []byte(strconv.Itoa(i))); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } db.MustCheck() if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b := tx.Bucket([]byte("foo")) stats := b.Stats() if stats.BranchPageN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchPageN: %d", stats.BranchPageN) } else if stats.BranchOverflowN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchOverflowN: %d", stats.BranchOverflowN) } else if stats.LeafPageN != 2 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafPageN: %d", stats.LeafPageN) } else if stats.LeafOverflowN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafOverflowN: %d", stats.LeafOverflowN) } else if stats.KeyN != 122 { t.Fatalf("unexpected KeyN: %d", stats.KeyN) } else if stats.Depth != 3 { t.Fatalf("unexpected Depth: %d", stats.Depth) } else if stats.BranchInuse != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchInuse: %d", stats.BranchInuse) } foo := 16 // foo (pghdr) foo += 101 * 16 // foo leaf elements foo += 100*2 + 100*2 // foo leaf key/values foo += 3 + 16 // foo -> bar key/value bar := 16 // bar (pghdr) bar += 11 * 16 // bar leaf elements bar += 10 + 10 // bar leaf key/values bar += 3 + 16 // bar -> baz key/value baz := 16 // baz (inline) (pghdr) baz += 10 * 16 // baz leaf elements baz += 10 + 10 // baz leaf key/values if stats.LeafInuse != foo+bar+baz { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafInuse: %d", stats.LeafInuse) } if os.Getpagesize() == 4096 { if stats.BranchAlloc != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchAlloc: %d", stats.BranchAlloc) } else if stats.LeafAlloc != 8192 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafAlloc: %d", stats.LeafAlloc) } } if stats.BucketN != 3 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BucketN: %d", stats.BucketN) } else if stats.InlineBucketN != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpected InlineBucketN: %d", stats.InlineBucketN) } else if stats.InlineBucketInuse != baz { t.Fatalf("unexpected InlineBucketInuse: %d", stats.InlineBucketInuse) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure a large bucket can calculate stats. func TestBucket_Stats_Large(t *testing.T) { if testing.Short() { t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.") } db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() var index int for i := 0; i < 100; i++ { // Add bucket with lots of keys. if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ { if err := b.Put([]byte(strconv.Itoa(index)), []byte(strconv.Itoa(index))); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } index++ } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } db.MustCheck() if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { stats := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Stats() if stats.BranchPageN != 13 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchPageN: %d", stats.BranchPageN) } else if stats.BranchOverflowN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchOverflowN: %d", stats.BranchOverflowN) } else if stats.LeafPageN != 1196 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafPageN: %d", stats.LeafPageN) } else if stats.LeafOverflowN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafOverflowN: %d", stats.LeafOverflowN) } else if stats.KeyN != 100000 { t.Fatalf("unexpected KeyN: %d", stats.KeyN) } else if stats.Depth != 3 { t.Fatalf("unexpected Depth: %d", stats.Depth) } else if stats.BranchInuse != 25257 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchInuse: %d", stats.BranchInuse) } else if stats.LeafInuse != 2596916 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafInuse: %d", stats.LeafInuse) } if os.Getpagesize() == 4096 { if stats.BranchAlloc != 53248 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BranchAlloc: %d", stats.BranchAlloc) } else if stats.LeafAlloc != 4898816 { t.Fatalf("unexpected LeafAlloc: %d", stats.LeafAlloc) } } if stats.BucketN != 1 { t.Fatalf("unexpected BucketN: %d", stats.BucketN) } else if stats.InlineBucketN != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected InlineBucketN: %d", stats.InlineBucketN) } else if stats.InlineBucketInuse != 0 { t.Fatalf("unexpected InlineBucketInuse: %d", stats.InlineBucketInuse) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Ensure that a bucket can write random keys and values across multiple transactions. func TestBucket_Put_Single(t *testing.T) { if testing.Short() { t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.") } index := 0 if err := quick.Check(func(items testdata) bool { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() m := make(map[string][]byte) if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if _, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } for _, item := range items { if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put(item.Key, item.Value); err != nil { panic("put error: " + err.Error()) } m[string(item.Key)] = item.Value return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } // Verify all key/values so far. if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { i := 0 for k, v := range m { value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte(k)) if !bytes.Equal(value, v) { t.Logf("value mismatch [run %d] (%d of %d):\nkey: %x\ngot: %x\nexp: %x", index, i, len(m), []byte(k), value, v) db.CopyTempFile() t.FailNow() } i++ } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } index++ return true }, nil); err != nil { t.Error(err) } } // Ensure that a transaction can insert multiple key/value pairs at once. func TestBucket_Put_Multiple(t *testing.T) { if testing.Short() { t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.") } if err := quick.Check(func(items testdata) bool { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() // Bulk insert all values. if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if _, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) for _, item := range items { if err := b.Put(item.Key, item.Value); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } // Verify all items exist. if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) for _, item := range items { value := b.Get(item.Key) if !bytes.Equal(item.Value, value) { db.CopyTempFile() t.Fatalf("exp=%x; got=%x", item.Value, value) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return true }, qconfig()); err != nil { t.Error(err) } } // Ensure that a transaction can delete all key/value pairs and return to a single leaf page. func TestBucket_Delete_Quick(t *testing.T) { if testing.Short() { t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.") } if err := quick.Check(func(items testdata) bool { db := MustOpenDB() defer db.MustClose() // Bulk insert all values. if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if _, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) for _, item := range items { if err := b.Put(item.Key, item.Value); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } // Remove items one at a time and check consistency. for _, item := range items { if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { return tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Delete(item.Key) }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } } // Anything before our deletion index should be nil. if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { if err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error { t.Fatalf("bucket should be empty; found: %06x", trunc(k, 3)) return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return nil }); err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } return true }, qconfig()); err != nil { t.Error(err) } } func ExampleBucket_Put() { // Open the database. db, err := bolt.Open(tempfile(), 0666, nil) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer os.Remove(db.Path()) // Start a write transaction. if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { // Create a bucket. b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { return err } // Set the value "bar" for the key "foo". if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != nil { return err } return nil }); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // Read value back in a different read-only transaction. if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo")) fmt.Printf("The value of 'foo' is: %s\n", value) return nil }); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // Close database to release file lock. if err := db.Close(); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // Output: // The value of 'foo' is: bar } func ExampleBucket_Delete() { // Open the database. db, err := bolt.Open(tempfile(), 0666, nil) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer os.Remove(db.Path()) // Start a write transaction. if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { // Create a bucket. b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets")) if err != nil { return err } // Set the value "bar" for the key "foo". if err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")); err != nil { return err } // Retrieve the key back from the database and verify it. value := b.Get([]byte("foo")) fmt.Printf("The value of 'foo' was: %s\n", value) return nil }); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // Delete the key in a different write transaction. if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { return tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Delete([]byte("foo")) }); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // Retrieve the key again. if err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo")) if value == nil { fmt.Printf("The value of 'foo' is now: nil\n") } return nil }); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // Close database to release file lock. if err := db.Close(); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // Output: // The value of 'foo' was: bar // The value of 'foo' is now: nil } func ExampleBucket_ForEach() { // Open the database. db, err := bolt.Open(tempfile(), 0666, nil) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer os.Remove(db.Path()) // Insert data into a bucket. if err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("animals")) if err != nil { return err } if err := b.Put([]byte("dog"), []byte("fun")); err != nil { return err } if err := b.Put([]byte("cat"), []byte("lame")); err != nil { return err } if err := b.Put([]byte("liger"), []byte("awesome")); err != nil { return err } // Iterate over items in sorted key order. if err := b.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error { fmt.Printf("A %s is %s.\n", k, v) return nil }); err != nil { return err } return nil }); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // Close database to release file lock. if err := db.Close(); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // Output: // A cat is lame. // A dog is fun. // A liger is awesome. }