site/blog/gamebridge-2020-05-09.markdown

title	date	series	tags
Gamebridge: Fitting Square Pegs into Round Holes since 2020	2020-05-09	howto	witchcraft sm64 twitch

Gamebridge: Fitting Square Pegs into Round Holes since 2020

Recently I did a stream called Twitch Plays Super Mario 64. During that stream I both demonstrated and hacked on a tool I'm calling gamebridge. Gamebridge is a tool that lets you allow games to interoperate with programs they really shouldn't be able to interoperate with.

Gamebridge works by aggressively hooking into a game's input logic (through a custom controller driver) and uses a pair of Unix fifos to communicate between it and the game it is controlling. Overall the flow of data between the two programs looks like this:

You can view the source code of this diagram in GraphViz dot format here.

The main magic that keeps this glued together is the use of blocking I/O. This means that the bridge input thread will be blocked at the kernel level for the vblank signal to be written, and the game will also be blocked at the kernel level for the bridge input thread to write the desired input. This effectively uses the Linux kernel to pass around a scheduling quantum like you would in the L4 microkernel. This design consideration also means that gamebridge has to perform as fast as possible as much as possible, because it realistically only has a few hundred microseconds at best to respond with the input data to avoid humans noticing any stutter. As such, gamebridge is written in Rust.

Implementation

When implementing gamebridge, I had a few goals in mind:

• Use blocking I/O to have the kernel help with this
• Use threads to their fullest potential
• Unix fifos are great, let's use them
• Understand linear interpolation better
• Create a surreal demo on Twitch
• Only have one binary to start, the game itself

As a first step of implementing this, I went through the source code of the Mario 64 PC port (but in theory this could also work for other emulators or even Nintendo 64 emulators with enough work) and began to look for anything that might be useful to understand how parts of the game work. I stumbled across src/pc/controller and then found two gems that really stood out. I found the interface for adding new input methods to the game and an example input method that read from tool-assisted speedrun recordings. The controller input interface itself is a thing of beauty, I've included a copy of it below:

// controller_api.h
#ifndef CONTROLLER_API
#define CONTROLLER_API

#include <ultra64.h>

struct ControllerAPI {
    void (*init)(void);
    void (*read)(OSContPad *pad);
};

#endif

All you need to implement your own input method is an init function and a read function. The init function is used to set things up and the read function is called every frame to get inputs. The tool-assisted speedrunning input method seemed to conform to the Mupen64 demo file spec as described on tasvideos.org, and I ended up using this to help test and verify ideas.

The thing that struck me was how simple the format was. Every frame of input uses its own four-byte sequence. The constants in the demo file spec also helped greatly as I figured out ways to bridge into the game from Rust. I ended up creating two bitflag structs to help with the button data, which ended up almost being a 1:1 copy of the Mupen64 demo file spec:

bitflags! {
    // 0x0100 Digital Pad Right
    // 0x0200 Digital Pad Left
    // 0x0400 Digital Pad Down
    // 0x0800 Digital Pad Up
    // 0x1000 Start
    // 0x2000 Z
    // 0x4000 B
    // 0x8000 A
    pub(crate) struct HiButtons: u8 {
        const NONE = 0x00;
        const DPAD_RIGHT = 0x01;
        const DPAD_LEFT = 0x02;
        const DPAD_DOWN = 0x04;
        const DPAD_UP = 0x08;
        const START = 0x10;
        const Z_BUTTON = 0x20;
        const B_BUTTON = 0x40;
        const A_BUTTON = 0x80;
    }
}

Input

This is where things get interesting. One of the more interesting side effects of getting inputs over chat for a game like Mario 64 is that you need to hold buttons or even the analog stick in order to do things like jumping into paintings or on ledges. When you get inputs over chat, you only have them for one frame. Therefore you need some kind of analog input (or an emulation of that) that decays over time. One approach you can use for this is linear interpolation (or lerp).

I implemented support for both button and analog stick lerping using a struct I call a Lerper (the file it is in is named au.rs because .au. is the lojban emotion-particle for "to desire", the name was inspired from it seeming to fake what the desired inputs were).

At its core, a Lerper stores a few basic things:

• the current scalar of where the analog input is resting
• the frame number when the analog input was set to the max (or above)
• the maximum number of frames that the lerp should run for
• the goal (or where the end of the linear interpolation is, for most cases in this codebase the goal is 0, or neutral)
• the maximum possible output to return on apply()
• the minimum possible output to return on apply()

Every frame, the lerpers for every single input to the game will get applied down closer to zero. Mario 64 uses two signed bytes to represent the controller input. The maximum/minimum clamps make sure that the lerped result stays in that range.

Twitch Integration

This is one of the first times I have ever used asynchronous Rust in conjunction with synchronous rust. I was shocked at how easy it was to just spin up another thread and have that thread take care of the Tokio runtime, leaving the main thread to focus on input. This is the block of code that handles running the asynchronous twitch bot in parallel to the main thread:

pub(crate) fn run(st: MTState) {
    use tokio::runtime::Runtime;
    Runtime::new()
        .expect("Failed to create Tokio runtime")
        .block_on(handle(st));
}

Then the rest of the Twitch integration is boilerplate until we get to the command parser. At its core, it just splits each chat line up into words and looks for keywords:

let chatline = msg.data.to_string();
let chatline = chatline.to_ascii_lowercase();
let mut data = st.write().unwrap();
const BUTTON_ADD_AMT: i64 = 64;

for cmd in chatline.to_string().split(" ").collect::<Vec<&str>>().iter() {
    match *cmd {
        "a" => data.a_button.add(BUTTON_ADD_AMT),
        "b" => data.b_button.add(BUTTON_ADD_AMT),
        "z" => data.z_button.add(BUTTON_ADD_AMT),
        "r" => data.r_button.add(BUTTON_ADD_AMT),
        "cup" => data.c_up.add(BUTTON_ADD_AMT),
        "cdown" => data.c_down.add(BUTTON_ADD_AMT),
        "cleft" => data.c_left.add(BUTTON_ADD_AMT),
        "cright" => data.c_right.add(BUTTON_ADD_AMT),
        "start" => data.start.add(BUTTON_ADD_AMT),
        "up" => data.sticky.add(127),
        "down" => data.sticky.add(-128),
        "left" => data.stickx.add(-128),
        "right" => data.stickx.add(127),
        "stop" => {data.stickx.update(0); data.sticky.update(0);},
        _ => {},
    }
}

This implements the following commands:

Command	Meaning
a	Press the A button
b	Press the B button
z	Press the Z button
r	Press the R button
cup	Press the C-up button
cdown	Press the C-down button
cleft	Press the C-left button
cright	Press the C-right button
start	Press the start button
up	Press up on the analog stick
down	Press down on the analog stick
left	Press left on the analog stick
stop	Reset the analog stick to center

Currently analog stick inputs will stick for about 270 frames and button inputs will stick for about 20 frames before drifting back to neutral. The start button is special, inputs to the start button will stick for 5 frames at most.

Debugging

Debugging two programs running together is surprisingly hard. I had to resort to the tried-and-true method of using gdb for the main game code and excessive amounts of printf debugging in Rust. The pretty_env_logger crate (which internally uses the env_logger crate, and its environment variable configures pretty_env_logger) helped a lot. One of the biggest problems I encountered in developing it was fixed by this patch, which I will paste inline:

diff --git a/gamebridge/src/main.rs b/gamebridge/src/main.rs
index 426cd3e..6bc3f59 100644
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
                     },
                 };
 
-                sticky = match stickx {
+                sticky = match sticky {
                     0 => sticky,
                     127 => {
                         ymax_frame = data.frame;

Somehow I had been trying to adjust the y axis position of the stick by comparing the x axis position of the stick. Finding and fixing this bug is what made me write the Lerper type.

---

Altogether, this has been a very fun project. I've learned a lot about 3d game design, historical source code analysis and inter-process communication. I also learned a lot about asynchronous Rust and how it can work together with synchronous Rust. I also got to make a fairly surreal demo for Twitch. I hope this can be useful to others, even if it just serves as an example of how to integrate things into strange other things from unixy first principles.

You can find out slightly more about gamebridge on its GitHub page. Its repo also includes patches for the Mario 64 PC port source code, including one that disables the ability for Mario to lose lives. This could prove useful for Twitch plays attempts, the 5 life cap by default became rather limiting in testing.

Be well.