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@ -8,93 +8,3 @@ perfectly good example to use as a reference. There are two kinds of sounds in
L'ewa, consonants and vowels.
[ipa]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet
## Consonants
*Consonant inventory*: /d g h j k l m n p q s t w ʃ ʒ ʔ ʙ̥/
| Manner/Place | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | Glottal |
|---------------------|----------|----------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------------|--------|---------|
| Nasal | m | n | | | | | | |
| Stop | p | t d | | | k g | | q | ʔ |
| Fricative | f | s | ʃ ʒ | | | | | h |
| Approximant | | | | j | | w | | |
| Trill | ʙ̥ | r | | | | | | |
| Lateral approximant | | l | | | | | | |
The weirdest consonant is /ʙ̥/, which is a voiceless bilabial trill, or blowing
air through your lips without making sound. This is intended to imitate a noise
an orca would make.
## Vowels
*Vowel inventory*: /a ɛ i o u/
*Diphthongs*: au, oi, ua, ue, uo, ai, ɛi
| | Front | Back |
|----------|-------|------|
| High | i | u |
| High-mid | | o |
| Low-mid | ɛ | |
| Low | a | |
## Phonotactics
I plan to have two main kinds of words in L'ewa. I plan to have content and
particle words. The content words will refer to things, properties, or actions
(such as `tool`, `red`, `run`) and the particle words will change how the
grammar of a sentence works (such as `the` or prepositions).
The main kind of content word is a root word, and they will be in the following
forms:
- CVCCV (/ʒa.sko/)
- CCVCV (/lʔ.ɛwa/)
Particles will mostly fall into the following forms:
- V (/a/)
- VV (/ai/)
- CV (/ba/)
- CVV (/bai/)
Proper names _should_ end with consonants, but there is no hard requirement.
L'ewa is a stressed language, with stress on the second-to-last (penultimate)
syllable. For example, the word "zasko" would be pronounced "ZAsko".
Syllables end on stop consonants if one is present in a consonant cluster. Two
stop consonants cannot follow eachother in a row.
## Writing
I haven't completely fleshed this part out yet, but I want the writing system of
L'ewa to be an [abugida][abugida]. This is a kind of written script that has the
consonants make the larger shapes but the vowels are small diacritics over the
consonants. If the word creation process is done right, you can actually omit
the vowels entirely if they are not relevant.
[abugida]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida
I plan to have this script be written by hand with pencils/pen and typed into
computers, just like English. This script will also be a left-to-right script
like English.
## Romanisation
L'ewa's romanization is intentionally simple. Most of the IPA letters keep their
letters, but the ones that do not match to Latin letters are listed below:
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---------------|----------|
| /j/ | *y* |
| /ɛ/ | *e* |
| /ʃ/ | *x* |
| /ʒ/ | *z* |
| /ʔ/ | *'* |
| /ʙ̥/ | *b* |
This is designed to make every letter typeable on a standard US keyboard, as
well as mapping as many letters as possible on the home row of a QWERTY
keyboard.

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## Phonology
### Consonants
*Consonant inventory*: /d f g h j k l m n p q r s t w ʃ ʒ ʔ ʙ̥/
| Manner/Place | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | Glottal |
|---------------------|----------|----------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------------|--------|---------|
| Nasal | m | n | | | | | | |
| Stop | p | t d | | | k g | | q | ʔ |
| Fricative | f | s | ʃ ʒ | | | | | h |
| Approximant | | | | j | | w | | |
| Trill | ʙ̥ | r | | | | | | |
| Lateral approximant | | l | | | | | | |
The weirdest consonant is /ʙ̥/, which is a voiceless bilabial trill, or blowing
air through your lips without making sound. This is intended to imitate a noise
an orca would make.
### Vowels
*Vowel inventory*: /a ɛ i o u/
*Diphthongs*: au, oi, ua, ue, uo, ai, ɛi
| | Front | Back |
|----------|-------|------|
| High | i | u |
| High-mid | | o |
| Low-mid | ɛ | |
| Low | a | |

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## Phonotactics
I plan to have two main kinds of words in L'ewa. I plan to have content and
particle words. The content words will refer to things, properties, or actions
(such as `tool`, `red`, `run`) and the particle words will change how the
grammar of a sentence works (such as `the` or prepositions).
The main kind of content word is a root word, and they will be in the following
forms:
- CVCCV (/ʒa.sko/)
- CCVCV (/lʔ.ɛwa/)
Particles will mostly fall into the following forms:
- V (/a/)
- VV (/ai/)
- CV (/ba/)
- CVV (/bai/)
Proper names _should_ end with consonants, but there is no hard requirement.
L'ewa is a stressed language, with stress on the second-to-last (penultimate)
syllable. For example, the word "zasko" would be pronounced "ZAsko".
Syllables end on stop consonants if one is present in a consonant cluster. Two
stop consonants cannot follow eachother in a row.

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## Romanization
L'ewa's romanization is intentionally simple. Most of the IPA letters keep their
letters, but the ones that do not match to Latin letters are listed below:
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---------------|----------|
| /j/ | *y* |
| /ɛ/ | *e* |
| /ʃ/ | *x* |
| /ʒ/ | *z* |
| /ʔ/ | *'* |
| /ʙ̥/ | *b* |
This is designed to make every letter typeable on a standard US keyboard, as
well as mapping as many letters as possible on the home row of a QWERTY
keyboard.

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## Writing
I haven't completely fleshed this part out yet, but I want the writing system of
L'ewa to be an [abugida][abugida]. This is a kind of written script that has the
consonants make the larger shapes but the vowels are small diacritics over the
consonants. If the word creation process is done right, you can actually omit
the vowels entirely if they are not relevant.
[abugida]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida
I plan to have this script be written by hand with pencils/pen and typed into
computers, just like English. This script will also be a left-to-right script
like English.

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## Explicitly Ending Noun Phrases
In case it is otherwise confusing, ko can be used to end noun phrases grammatically.

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# Fun with Nouns and Verbs
## Other Noun Things
At a high level, noun-phrases can be marked for direct ownership or number. The
general pattern is like this:
```
<article> [pronoun] [negation] [number] <verb>
```
## Pronouns
Here's some of the pronouns:
| English | L'ewa |
| --------------------- | ----- |
| me, I | mi |
| My system and I | mi'a |
| you | ro |
| we (all-inclusive) | mi'o |
| your system and you | ro'a |
| This (near me) | ti |
| That (near you) | ta |
| That (far away) | tu |
## Numbers
Numbers are in [base six][seximal]. Here are a few numerals:
[seximal]: https://www.seximal.net/
| Decimal | Seximal | L'ewa |
| ------- | ------- | ----- |
| 0 | 0 | zo |
| 1 | 1 | ja |
| 2 | 2 | he |
| 3 | 3 | xu |
| 4 | 4 | ho |
| 5 | 5 | qi |
| 6 | 10 | jazo |
| 36 | 100 | gau |
Here are few non-numerals-but-technically-still-numbers-I-guess:
| English | L'ewa |
| --------------- | ----- |
| all | to |
| some | ra'o |
| number-question | so |
## Negation
As L'ewa is more of a logical language, it has several forms of negation. Here
are a few:
| English | L'ewa |
| --------------------- | ----- |
| contradiction | na |
| total scalar negation | na'o |
| particle negation | nai |
na can be placed before the sentence's verb too:
```
ti na spalo
This is something other than an apple
```
## Verb Forms
Verbs have one form in L'ewa. Aspects like tense or the perfective aspect are
marked with particles. Here's a table of the common ones:
| English | L'ewa |
| ---------- | ----- |
| past tense | qu |
| present tense | qa |
| future tense | qo |
| perfective aspect | qe |
## Modality
Modality is going to be expressed with emotion words. These words have not been
assigned yet, but their grammar will be a lot looser than the normal L'ewa
particle grammar. They will allow any two vowels in any combination that might
otherwise make them not "legal" for particles.
- VV (ii)
- V'V (i'i)
## Explicitly Ending Noun Phrases
In case it is otherwise confusing, ko can be used to end noun phrases grammatically.

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## Modality
Modality is going to be expressed with emotion words. These words have not been
assigned yet, but their grammar will be a lot looser than the normal L'ewa
particle grammar. They will allow any two vowels in any combination that might
otherwise make them not "legal" for particles.
- VV (ii)
- V'V (i'i)

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## Negation
As L'ewa is more of a logical language, it has several forms of negation. Here
are a few:
| English | L'ewa |
| --------------------- | ----- |
| contradiction | na |
| total scalar negation | na'o |
| particle negation | nai |
na can be placed before the sentence's verb too:
```
ti na spalo
This is something other than an apple
```

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## Numbers
Numbers are in [base six][seximal]. Here are a few numerals:
[seximal]: https://www.seximal.net/
| Decimal | Seximal | L'ewa |
| ------- | ------- | ----- |
| 0 | 0 | zo |
| 1 | 1 | ja |
| 2 | 2 | he |
| 3 | 3 | xu |
| 4 | 4 | ho |
| 5 | 5 | qi |
| 6 | 10 | jazo |
| 36 | 100 | gau |
Here are few non-numerals-but-technically-still-numbers-I-guess:
| English | L'ewa |
| --------------- | ----- |
| all | to |
| some | ra'o |
| number-question | so |

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## Other Noun Things
At a high level, noun-phrases can be marked for direct ownership or number. The
general pattern is like this:
```
<article> [pronoun] [negation] [number] <verb>
```

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## Pronouns
Here's some of the pronouns:
| English | L'ewa |
| --------------------- | ----- |
| me, I | mi |
| My system and I | mi'a |
| you | ro |
| we (all-inclusive) | mi'o |
| your system and you | ro'a |
| This (near me) | ti |
| That (near you) | ta |
| That (far away) | tu |

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## Verb Forms
Verbs have one form in L'ewa. Aspects like tense or the perfective aspect are
marked with particles. Here's a table of the common ones:
| English | L'ewa |
| ---------- | ----- |
| past tense | qu |
| present tense | qa |
| future tense | qo |
| perfective aspect | qe |

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## Independent Clause Structure
Most of the time L'ewa sentences have only one clause. This can be anything from
a single verb to a subject, verb and object. However, sometimes more information
is needed. Consider this sentence:
```
The dog which is blue is large.
```
This kind of a relative clause would be denoted using `hoi`, which would make
the sentence roughly the following in L'ewa:
```
le wufra hoi blanu xi brado.
```
The particle `xi` is needed here in order to make it explicit that the subject
noun-phrase has ended.
Similarly, an incidental relative clause is done with with `joi`:
```
le wufra joi blanu ke brado
the dog, which by the way is blue, is big.
```

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@ -1,79 +1 @@
# Sentence Structure Semantics
## Independent Clause Structure
Most of the time L'ewa sentences have only one clause. This can be anything from
a single verb to a subject, verb and object. However, sometimes more information
is needed. Consider this sentence:
```
The dog which is blue is large.
```
This kind of a relative clause would be denoted using `hoi`, which would make
the sentence roughly the following in L'ewa:
```
le wufra hoi blanu xi brado.
```
The particle `xi` is needed here in order to make it explicit that the subject
noun-phrase has ended.
Similarly, an incidental relative clause is done with with `joi`:
```
le wufra joi blanu ke brado
the dog, which by the way is blue, is big.
```
## Questions
There are a few ways to ask questions in L'ewa. They correlate to the different
kinds of things that the speaker could want to know.
### `ma`
`ma` is the particle used to fill in a missing/unknown noun phrase. Consider
these sentences:
```
ma blanu?
what is blue?
```
```
ro qa madsa ma?
you are eating what?
```
### `no`
`no` is the particle used to fill in a missing/unknown verb. Consider these
sentences:
```
ro no?
How are you doing?
```
```
le wufra xi no?
The dog did what?
```
### `so`
`so` is the particle used to ask questions about numbers, similar to the "how
many" construct in English.
```
ro madsa so spalo?
You ate how many apples?
```
```
le so zasko xi qa'te glowa
How many plants grow quickly?
```

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## Questions
There are a few ways to ask questions in L'ewa. They correlate to the different
kinds of things that the speaker could want to know.
### `ma`
`ma` is the particle used to fill in a missing/unknown noun phrase. Consider
these sentences:
```
ma blanu?
what is blue?
```
```
ro qa madsa ma?
you are eating what?
```
### `no`
`no` is the particle used to fill in a missing/unknown verb. Consider these
sentences:
```
ro no?
How are you doing?
```
```
le wufra xi no?
The dog did what?
```
### `so`
`so` is the particle used to ask questions about numbers, similar to the "how
many" construct in English.
```
ro madsa so spalo?
You ate how many apples?
```
```
le so zasko xi qa'te glowa
How many plants grow quickly?
```

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@ -5,12 +5,25 @@
- [eBook Version](./intro/ebook.md)
- [Changelog](./intro/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Phonology and Writing](./01_phonology/index.md)
- [Phonology](./01_phonology/phonology.md)
- [Romanization](./01_phonology/romanization.md)
- [Phonotactics](./01_phonology/phonotactics.md)
- [Writing](./01_phonology/writing.md)
- [Morphosyntactic Typology](./02_typology/index.md)
- [Word Order](./02_typology/word_order.md)
- [Morphological Typology](./02_typology/typology.md)
- [Fun with Nouns and Verbs](./03_nouns_verbs/index.md)
- [Other Noun Things](./03_nouns_verbs/other_noun_things.md)
- [Pronouns](./03_nouns_verbs/pronouns.md)
- [Numbers](./03_nouns_verbs/numbers.md)
- [Negation](./03_nouns_verbs/negation.md)
- [Verb Forms](./03_nouns_verbs/verb-forms.md)
- [Modality](./03_nouns_verbs/modality.md)
- [Explicitly Ending Noun Phrases](./03_nouns_verbs/explicitly-ending-noun-phrases.md)
- [Color Words](./03_nouns_verbs/colors.md)
- [Sentence Structure Semantics](./04_sentence/index.md)
- [Independent Clause Structure](./04_sentence/independent-clause-structure.md)
- [Questions](./04_sentence/questions.md)
- [Lexicon](./05_lexicon/index.md)
- [Word Distinctions](./05_lexicon/distinctions.md)
- [Family Terms](./05_lexicon/family.md)

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@ -8,15 +8,28 @@ intro/index.md
intro/CHANGELOG.md
01_phonology/index.md
01_phonology/phonology.md
01_phonology/romanization.md
01_phonology/phonotactics.md
01_phonology/writing.md
02_typology/index.md
02_typology/word_order.md
02_typology/typology.md
03_nouns_verbs/index.md
03_nouns_verbs/other_noun_things.md
03_nouns_verbs/pronouns.md
03_nouns_verbs/numbers.md
03_nouns_verbs/negation.md
03_nouns_verbs/verb-forms.md
03_nouns_verbs/modality.md
03_nouns_verbs/explicitly-ending-noun-phrases.md
03_nouns_verbs/colors.md
04_sentence/index.md
04_sentence/independent-clause-structure.md
04_sentence/questions.md
05_lexicon/index.md
05_lexicon/distinctions.md