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---
title: "Site to Site WireGuard: Part 4 - HTTPS"
date: 2019-04-16
series: site-to-site-wireguard
---
This is the fourth post in my Site to Site WireGuard VPN series. You can read the other articles here:
- [Part 1 - Names and Numbers](https://xeiaso.net/blog/site-to-site-wireguard-part-1-2019-04-02)
- [Part 2 - DNS](https://xeiaso.net/blog/site-to-site-wireguard-part-2-2019-04-07)
- [Part 3 - Custom TLS Certificate Authority](https://xeiaso.net/blog/site-to-site-wireguard-part-3-2019-04-11)
- Part 4 - HTTPS (this post)
- Setting up additional iOS, macOS, Android and Linux clients
- Other future fun things (seamless tor2web routing, etc)
In this article, we are going to install [Caddy](https://caddyserver.com) and set up the following:
- A plaintext markdown site to demonstrate the process
- A URL shortener at https://g.o/ (with DNS and TLS certificates too)
## HTTPS and Caddy
[Caddy](https://caddyserver.com) is a general-purpose HTTP server. One of its main features is automatic [Let's Encrypt](https://letsencrypt.org) support. We are using it here to serve HTTPS because it has a very, very simple configuration file format.
Caddy doesn't have a stable package in Ubuntu yet, but it is fairly simple to install it by hand.
## Installing Caddy
One of the first things you should do when installing Caddy is picking the list of extra plugins you want in addition to the core ones. I generally suggest the following plugins:
- [`http.cors`](https://caddyserver.com/docs/http.cors) - [Cross-Origin Resource Sharing](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS), because we can't trust browsers
- [`http.git`](https://caddyserver.com/docs/http.git) - it facilitates automatic deployment
- [`http.supervisor`](https://caddyserver.com/docs/http.supervisor) - run background processes
First we are going to need to download Caddy (please do this as root):
```console
curl https://getcaddy.com > install_caddy.sh
bash install_caddy.sh -s personal http.cors,http.git,http.supervisor
chown root:root /usr/local/bin/caddy
chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/caddy
```
These permissions are set as such:
| Facet | Read | Write | Directory Listing |
| :--------------- | :--- | :---- | :---------------- |
| User (root) | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Group (root) | Yes | No | Yes |
| Others | Yes | No | Yes |
In order for Caddy to bind to the standard HTTP and HTTPS ports as non-root (this is a workaround for the fact that [Go can't currently drop permissions with suid() cleanly](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/1435)), run the following:
```console
setcap 'cap_net_bind_service=+eip' /usr/local/bin/caddy
```
Caddy expects configuration file/s to exist at `/etc/caddy`, so let's create the folders for them:
```console
mkdir -p /etc/caddy
touch /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
chown -R root:www-data /etc/caddy
```
### Let's Encrypt Certificate Permissions
Caddy's systemd unit expects to be able to create new certificates at `/etc/ssl/caddy`:
```console
mkdir -p /etc/ssl/caddy
chown -R www-data:root /etc/ssl/caddy
chmod 770 /etc/ssl/caddy
```
These permissions are set as such:
| Facet | Read | Write | Directory Listing |
| :--------------- | :--- | :---- | :---------------- |
| User (www-data) | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Group (root) | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Others | No | No | No |
This will allow only Caddy and root to manage certificates in that folder.
### Custom CA Certificate Permissions
In the [last post](https://xeiaso.net/blog/site-to-site-wireguard-part-3-2019-04-11), custom certificates were created at `/srv/within/certs`. Caddy is going to need to have the correct permissions in order to be able to read them.
```shell
#!/bin/sh
chmod -R 750 .
chown -R root:www-data .
chmod 600 minica-key.pem
```
Then mark it executable:
```
chmod +x fixperms.sh
```
These permissions are set as such:
| Facet | Read | Write | Execute/Directory Listing |
| :--------------- | :--- | :---- | :------------------------ |
| User (root) | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Group (www-data) | Yes | No | Yes |
| Others | No | No | No |
This will allow Caddy to be able to read the certificates later in the post. Run this after certificates are created.
```
cd /srv/within/certs
./fixperms.sh
```
### HTTP Root Permissions
I dypically store all of my websites under `/srv/http/domain.name.here`. To create a folder like this:
```console
mkdir -p /srv/http
chown www-data:www-data /srv/http
chmod 755 /srv/http
```
These permissions are set as such:
| Facet | Read | Write | Directory Listing |
| :--------------- | :--- | :---- | :---------------- |
| User (www-data) | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Group (www-data) | Yes | No | Yes |
| Others | Yes | No | Yes |
### Systemd
To install the [upstream systemd unit](https://github.com/mholt/caddy/blob/master/dist/init/linux-systemd/caddy.service), run the following:
```console
curl -L https://github.com/mholt/caddy/raw/master/dist/init/linux-systemd/caddy.service \
| sed "s/;CapabilityBoundingSet/CapabilityBoundingSet/" \
| sed "s/;AmbientCapabilities/AmbientCapabilities/" \
| sed "s/;NoNewPrivileges/NoNewPrivileges/" \
| tee /etc/systemd/system/caddy.service
chown root:root /etc/systemd/system/caddy.service
chmod 744 /etc/systemd/system/caddy.service
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable caddy.service
```
These permissions are set as such:
| Facet | Read | Write | Execute |
| :----------- | :--- | :---- | :------ |
| User (root) | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Group (root) | Yes | No | No |
| Others | Yes | No | No |
This will also configure Caddy to start on boot.
* Configure Caddy for static file serving for aloha.pele
* root directive
* browse directive
* Link to Caddy documentation
## Configure aloha.pele
In the last post, we created the domain and TLS certificates for `aloha.pele`. Let's create a website for it.
Open `/etc/caddy/Caddyfile` and add the following:
```
# /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
aloha.pele:80 {
tls off
redir / https://aloha.pele:443
}
aloha.pele:443 {
tls /srv/within/certs/aloha.pele/cert.pem /srv/within/certs/aloha.pele/key.pem
internal /templates
markdown / {
template templates/page.html
}
ext .md
browse /
root /srv/http/aloha.pele
}
```
And create `/srv/http/aloha.pele/templates`:
```console
mkdir -p /srv/http/aloha.pele/templates
chown -R www-data:www-data /srv/http/aloha.pele/templates
```
And open `/srv/http/aloha.pele/templates/page.html`:
```html
<!-- /srv/http/aloha.pele/templates/page.html -->
<html>
<head>
<title>{{ .Doc.title }}</title>
<style>
main {
max-width: 38rem;
padding: 2rem;
margin: auto;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<main>
<nav>
<a href="/">Aloha</a>
</nav>
{{ .Doc.body }}
</main>
</body>
</html>
```
This will give a nice [simple style kind of like this](https://jrl.ninja/etc/1/) using [Caddy's built-in markdown templating support](https://caddyserver.com/docs/markdown). Now create `/srv/http/aloha.pele/index.md`:
```markdown
<!-- /srv/http/aloha.pele/index.md -->
# Aloha!
This is an example page, but it doesn't have anything yet. If you see me, HTTPS is probably working.
```
Now let's enable and test it:
```
systemctl restart caddy
systemctl status caddy
```
If Caddy shows as running, then testing it via [LibTerm](https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/libterm/id1380911705?ls=1&mt=8) should work:
```
curl -v https://aloha.pele
```
## URL Shortener
I have created a simple [URL shortener backend](https://github.com/Xe/surl) on my GitHub. I personally have it accessible at https://g.o for my internal network. It is very simple to configure:
| Environment Variable | Value |
| :------------------- | :--------------------------------- |
| `DOMAIN` | `g.o` |
| `THEME` | `solarized.css` (or `gruvbox.css`) |
surl requires a SQLite database to function. To store it, create a docker volume:
```console
docker volume create surl
```
And to create the surl container and register it for automatic restarts:
```console
docker run --name surl -dit -p 10.55.0.1:5000 \
--restart=always \
-e DOMAIN=g.o \
-e THEME=solarized.css \
-v surl:/data xena/surl:v0.4.0
```
Now create a DNS record for `g.o.`:
```
; pele.zone
;; URL shortener
g.o. IN CNAME oho.pele.
```
And a TLS certificate:
```console
cd /srv/within/certs
minica -domains g.o
./fixperms.sh
```
And add Caddy configuration for it:
```
# /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
g.o:80 {
tls off
redir / https://g.o
}
g.o:443 {
tls /srv/within/certs/g.o/cert.pem /srv/within/certs/g.o/key.pem
proxy / http://10.55.0.1:5000
}
```
Now restart Caddy to load the configuration and make sure it works:
```console
systemctl restart caddy
systemctl status caddy
```
And open [https://g.o](https://g.o) on your iOS device:
<style>
img {
max-width: 400px;
display: block;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
</style>
![An image of the URL shortener in action](/static/img/site-to-site-part-4-gdoto.jpg)
You can use the other [directives](https://caddyserver.com/docs) in the Caddy documentation to do more elaborate things. [When Then Zen](https://when-then-zen.christine.website) is hosted completely with [Caddy using the markdown directive](https://github.com/Xe/when-then-zen/blob/master/Caddyfile); but even this is ultimately a simple configuration.
---
This seems like enough for this time. Next time we are going to approach adding other devices of yours to this network: iOS, Android, macOS and Linux.
Please give me [feedback](/contact) on my approach to this. I also have a [Patreon](https://www.patreon.com/cadey) and a [Ko-Fi](https://ko-fi.com/A265JE0) in case you want to support this series. I hope this is useful to you all in some way. Stay tuned for the future parts of this series as I build up the network infrastructure from scratch. If you would like to give feedback on the posts as they are written, please watch [this page](https://github.com/Xe/site/pulls) for new pull requests.
Be well. The sky is the limit, Creator!