blog: add cloud-init post
Signed-off-by: Christine Dodrill <me@christine.website>
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---
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title: My Magical Adventure With cloud-init
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date: 2021-06-04
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---
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# My Magical Adventure With cloud-init
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> "If I had a world of my own, everything would be nonsense. Nothing would be
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> what it is, because everything would be what it isn't. And contrary wise, what
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> is, it wouldn't be. And what it wouldn't be, it would. You see?"
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- The Mad Hatter, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
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The modern cloud is a magical experience. You take a template, give it some SSH
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keys and maybe some user-data and then you have a server running somewhere. This
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is all powered by a tool called [cloud-init](https://cloud-init.io/). cloud-init
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is the most useful in actual datacenters with proper metadata services, but what
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if you aren't in a datacenter with a metadata service?
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Recently I wanted to test a
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[script](https://github.com/tailscale/tailscale/blob/main/scripts/installer.sh)
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a coworker wrote that allows users to automatically install Tailscale on every
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distro and version Tailscale supports. I wanted to try and avoid having to
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install each version of every distribution manually, so I started looking for
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options.
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[This may seem like overkill (and at some level it probably is), however as a
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side effect of going through this song and dance you can spin up a bunch of VMs
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pretty easily. <br /> <center> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p lang="und"
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dir="ltr"><a
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href="https://t.co/yays27Wmes">pic.twitter.com/yays27Wmes</a></p>— Xe from
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Within (@theprincessxena) <a
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href="https://twitter.com/theprincessxena/status/1394265890494062593?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May
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17, 2021</a></blockquote> <script async
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src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"
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charset="utf-8"></script> <center>](conversation://Mara/hacker)
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cloud-init has a feature called the
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[NoCloud](https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/datasources/nocloud.html)
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data source. To use it, you need to write two yaml files, put them into a
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specially named ISO file and then mount it to the virtual machine. cloud-init
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will then pick up your configuration data and apply it.
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[Wait...really? What.](conversation://Mara/hmm)
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[Yes, really.](conversation://Cadey/coffee)
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Let's make an [Amazon Linux
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2](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/amazon-linux-2-virtual-machine.html)
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virtual machine as an example. Amazon offers their Linux distribution for
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download so you can run it on-premises (I don't really know why you'd want to do
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this outside of testing stuff on Amazon Linux). In this blog we use KVM, so keep
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that in mind when you set things up yourself.
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First you need to make a `meta-data` file, this will contain the VM's hostname
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and the "instance ID" (this makes sense in cloud contexts however you can use
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whatever you want):
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```yaml
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local-hostname: mayhem
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instance-id: 31337
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```
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[You can configure networking settings here, but our VM is going to get an
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address over DHCP so you don't really need to care about that in this case](conversation://Mara/hacker)
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Next you need to make a `user-data` file, this will actually configure your VM:
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```yaml
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#cloud-config
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#vim:syntax=yaml
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cloud_config_modules:
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- runcmd
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cloud_final_modules:
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- [users-groups, always]
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- [scripts-user, once-per-instance]
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users:
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- name: xe
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groups: [ wheel ]
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sudo: [ "ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL" ]
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shell: /bin/bash
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ssh-authorized-keys:
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- ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIPYr9hiLtDHgd6lZDgQMkJzvYeAXmePOrgFaWHAjJvNU cadey@ontos
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write_files:
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- path: /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/80_disable_network_after_firstboot.cfg
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content: |
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# Disable network configuration after first boot
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network:
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config: disabled
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```
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Please make sure to change the username and swap out the SSH key as needed,
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unless you want to get locked out of your VM. For more information about what
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you can do from cloud-init, see the list of modules
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[here](http://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/modules.html).
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Now that you have the two yaml files you can make the seed image with this
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command (Linux):
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```console
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$ genisoimage -output seed.iso \
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-volid cidata \
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-joliet \
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-rock \
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user-data meta-data
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```
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[In NixOS you may need to run it inside nix-shell: `nix-shell -p
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cdrkit`.](conversation://Mara/hacker)
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Or this command (macOS):
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```console
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$ hdiutil makehybrid \
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-o seed.iso \
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-hfs \
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-joliet \
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-iso \
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-default-volume-name cidata \
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user-data meta-data
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```
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Now you can download the KVM image from that [Amazon Linux User Guide page from
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earlier](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/amazon-linux-2-virtual-machine.html)
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and then put it somewhere safe. This image will be written into a [ZFS
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zvol](https://pthree.org/2012/12/21/zfs-administration-part-xiv-zvols/). To find
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out how big the zvol needs to be, you can use `qemu-img info`:
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```console
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$ qemu-img info amzn2-kvm-2.0.20210427.0-x86_64.xfs.gpt.qcow2
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image: amzn2-kvm-2.0.20210427.0-x86_64.xfs.gpt.qcow2
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file format: qcow2
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virtual size: 25 GiB (26843545600 bytes)
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disk size: 410 MiB
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cluster_size: 65536
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Format specific information:
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compat: 1.1
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compression type: zlib
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lazy refcounts: false
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refcount bits: 16
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corrupt: false
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extended l2: false
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```
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The virtual disk image is 25 gigabytes, so you can create it with a command like
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this:
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```console
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$ sudo zfs create -V 25G rpool/safe/vms/mayhem
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```
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Then you use `qemu-img convert` to copy the image into the zvol:
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```console
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$ sudo qemu-img convert \
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-O raw \
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amzn2-kvm-2.0.20210427.0-x86_64.xfs.gpt.qcow2 \
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/dev/zvol/rpool/safe/vms/mayhem
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```
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If you don't use ZFS you can make a layered disk using `qemu-img create`:
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```console
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$ qemu-img create \
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-f qcow2 \
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-o backing_file=amzn2-kvm-2.0.20210427.0-x86_64.xfs.gpt.qcow2 \
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mayhem.qcow2
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```
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Open up virt-manager and then create a new virtual machine. Make sure you select
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"Manual install".
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<center>
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</center>
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virt-manager will then ask you what OS the virtual machine is running so it can
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load some known working defaults. It doesn't have an option for Amazon Linux,
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but it's kinda sorta like CentOS 7, so enter CentOS 7 here.
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<center>
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</center>
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The default amount of ram and CPU are fine, but you can choose other options if
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you have more restrictive hardware requirements.
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<center>
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</center>
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Now you need to select the storage path for the VM. virt-manager will helpfully
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offer to create a new virtual disk for you. You already made the disk with the
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above steps, so enter in `/dev/zvol/rpool/safe/vms/mayhem` (or the path to your
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custom layered qcow2 from the above `qemu-img create` command) as the disk
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location.
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<center>
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</center>
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Finally, name the VM and then choose "Customize configuration before install" so
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you can mount the seed data.
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<center>
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</center>
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Click on the "Add Hardware" button in the lower left corner of the configuration
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window.
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<center>
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</center>
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Make a new CDROM storage device that points to your seed image:
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<center>
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</center>
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And then click "Begin Installation". The virtual machine will be created and its
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graphical console will open. Click on the info tab and then the NIC device. The
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VM's IP address will be listed:
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<center>
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</center>
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Now SSH into the VM:
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```console
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$ ssh xe@192.168.122.122
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The authenticity of host '192.168.122.122 (192.168.122.122)' can't be established.
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ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:TP7dWLkHOixx5tr78qn0yvDQKttH0yWz6IBvbadEqcs.
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This key is not known by any other names
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Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
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Warning: Permanently added '192.168.122.122' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
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__| __|_ )
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_| ( / Amazon Linux 2 AMI
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___|\___|___|
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https://aws.amazon.com/amazon-linux-2/
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8 package(s) needed for security, out of 17 available
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Run "sudo yum update" to apply all updates.
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[xe@mayhem ~]$
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```
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And voila! A new virtual machine that you can do whatever you want with, just
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like you would any other server.
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[Do you really need to make an ISO file for this? Can't I just use HTTP like <a
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href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html">the
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AWS metadata service</a>?](conversation://Mara/hmm)
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Yes and no. You can have the configuration loaded over HTTP/S, but without
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special network configuration you won't be able to have `http://169.254.169.254`
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work like the AWS metadata service without a fair bit of effort. Either way, you
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are going to have to edit the virtual machine's XML though.
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[XML? Why is XML involved?](conversation://Mara/wat)
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virt-manager is a frontend to [libvirt](https://libvirt.org/index.html). libvirt
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uses XML to describe virtual machines.
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[Here](https://gist.github.com/Xe/f870ebb2d9dce0929a35a4ba347cbda3) is the XML
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used to describe the VM you made earlier. This looks like a lot (because frankly
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it is a lot, computers are complicated), however this is a lot more manageable
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than the equivalent qemu flags.
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[What do the qemu flags look like?](conversation://Mara/hmm)
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[Like
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this](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/Xe/2eba35ec6cbd54becf9fca02f6d69f0b/raw/89d68424c0ae26333d798bd9bd6a224dfec844d7/qemu%2520flags.txt).
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It is kind of a mess that I would rather have something made by people smarter
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than me take care of.
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To enable cloud-init to load over HTTP, you are going to have to add the qemu XML
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namespace to mayhem's configuration. At the top you should see a line that looks
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like this:
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```xml
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<domain type="kvm">
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```
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Replace it with one that looks like this:
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```xml
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<domain xmlns:qemu="http://libvirt.org/schemas/domain/qemu/1.0" type="kvm">
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```
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This will allow you to set the cloud-init seed location information using a
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[SMBIOS value](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_BIOS). To enable
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this, add the following to the _bottom_ of your XML file, just before the
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closing `</domain>`:
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```xml
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<qemu:commandline>
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<qemu:arg value="-smbios"/>
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<qemu:arg value="type=1,serial=ds=nocloud-net;h=mayhem;s=http://10.77.2.22:8000/mayhem/"/>
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</qemu:commandline>
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```
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Make sure the data is actually being served on that address. Here's a nix-shell
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python one-liner HTTP server:
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```console
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$ nix-shell -p python3 --run 'python -m http.server 8000'
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```
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Then you will need to either load the base image back into the zvol or recreate
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the qcow2 file to reset the VM back to its default state.
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Reboot the VM and wait for it to connect to your "metadata server":
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```console
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192.168.122.122 - - [04/Jun/2021 11:41:10] "GET /mayhem/meta-data HTTP/1.1" 200 -
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192.168.122.122 - - [04/Jun/2021 11:41:10] "GET /mayhem/user-data HTTP/1.1" 200 -
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```
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Then you can SSH into it like normal:
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```console
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$ ssh xe@192.168.122.122
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The authenticity of host '192.168.122.122 (192.168.122.122)' can't be established.
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ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:eJRjDsvnVrXfntVtNVN6N+JdakaA+dvGKWWQP5OFkeA.
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This key is not known by any other names
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Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
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Warning: Permanently added '192.168.122.122' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
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__| __|_ )
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_| ( / Amazon Linux 2 AMI
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___|\___|___|
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https://aws.amazon.com/amazon-linux-2/
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8 package(s) needed for security, out of 17 available
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Run "sudo yum update" to apply all updates.
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[xe@mayhem ~]$
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```
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[Can I choose other distros for this?](conversation://Mara/hmm)
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Yep! Most distributions offer cloud-init enabled images. They may be hard to
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find, but they do exist. Here's some links that will help you with common
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distros:
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- [Arch Linux](https://mirror.pkgbuild.com/images/) (use the `cloudimg` ones)
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- [CentOS 7](https://cloud.centos.org/centos/7/images/) (use the `GenericCloud`
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one)
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- [CentOS 8](https://cloud.centos.org/centos/8-stream/x86_64/images/) (use the
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`GenericCloud` one)
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- [Debian 9](http://cloud.debian.org/images/cloud/OpenStack/9.13.22-20210531/)
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(use the `openstack` one)
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|
- [Debian 10](http://cloud.debian.org/images/cloud/buster/20210329-591/) (use
|
||||||
|
the `generic` one)
|
||||||
|
- [Debian 11](http://cloud.debian.org/images/cloud/bullseye/daily/) (use the
|
||||||
|
`generic` one)
|
||||||
|
- [Fedora 34](https://alt.fedoraproject.org/cloud/) (use the Openstack image)
|
||||||
|
- [OpenSUSE Leap
|
||||||
|
15.2](https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Cloud:/Images:/Leap_15.2/images/)
|
||||||
|
(use the `OpenStack` image)
|
||||||
|
- [OpenSUSE Leap 15.3](https://get.opensuse.org/leap/) (use the JeOS one labeled
|
||||||
|
`OpenStack-Cloud`)
|
||||||
|
- [OpenSUSE Tumbleweed](https://download.opensuse.org/tumbleweed/appliances/)
|
||||||
|
(use the JeOS one labeled `Openstack-Cloud`)
|
||||||
|
- [Ubuntu](https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/) (use the `server-cloudimg` image
|
||||||
|
for your version of choice)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In general, look for images that are compatible with OpenStack. OpenStack uses
|
||||||
|
cloud-init to configure virtual machines and the NoCloud data source you're using
|
||||||
|
ships by default. It usually works out, except for cases like OpenSUSE Leap
|
||||||
|
15.1. With Leap 15.1 you have to [pretend to be OpenStack a bit
|
||||||
|
more](https://github.com/tailscale/tailscale/blob/aa6abc98f30df67a0d86698b77932d4d9cc45ac0/tstest/integration/vms/opensuse_leap_15_1_test.go)
|
||||||
|
for some reason.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[What if I need to template the userdata file?](conversation://Mara/hmm)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[You really should avoid doing this if possible. Templating yaml is a delicate
|
||||||
|
process fraught with danger. The error conditions in things like Kubernetes are
|
||||||
|
that it does the wrong thing and you need to replace the service. The error
|
||||||
|
condition with this is that you lose access to your
|
||||||
|
server.](conversation://Cadey/facepalm)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Let's say that Facts and Circumstances™ made me have to template
|
||||||
|
it.](conversation://Mara/happy)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<center>
|
||||||
|
<picture>
|
||||||
|
<source srcset="https://cdn.christine.website/file/christine-static/stickers/cadey/percussive-maintenance.avif" type="image/avif">
|
||||||
|
<source srcset="https://cdn.christine.website/file/christine-static/stickers/cadey/percussive-maintenance.webp" type="image/webp">
|
||||||
|
<img src="https://cdn.christine.website/file/christine-static/stickers/cadey/percussive-maintenance.png" alt="Cadey is percussive-maintenance">
|
||||||
|
</picture>
|
||||||
|
</center>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
When you are templating yaml, you have to be really careful. It is very easy to
|
||||||
|
incur [the wrath of Norway and
|
||||||
|
Ontario](https://hitchdev.com/strictyaml/why/implicit-typing-removed/) on
|
||||||
|
accident with yaml. Here are some rules of thumb (unfortunately gained from
|
||||||
|
experience) to keep in mind:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- yaml has implicit typing, quote everything to be safe.
|
||||||
|
- ensure that every value you pass in is yaml-safe
|
||||||
|
- ensure that the indentation matches for every value
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Something very important is to test the templating on a virtual machine image
|
||||||
|
that you have a back door into. Otherwise you will be locked out. You can
|
||||||
|
generally hack around it by adding `init=/bin/sh` in your kernel command line
|
||||||
|
and changing your password from there.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
When you mess it up you will need to get into the VM somehow and do one of a few
|
||||||
|
things:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
1. Run `cloud-init collect-logs` to generate a log tarball that you can export
|
||||||
|
to your host machine and dig into from there
|
||||||
|
2. Look through the system journal for any errors
|
||||||
|
3. Look in `/var/log` for files that begin with `cloud-init` and page through
|
||||||
|
them
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If all else fails, start googling. If you are running commands against a VM with
|
||||||
|
the `runcmd` feature of cloud-init, I'd suggest going through the steps on a
|
||||||
|
manually installed virtual machine image at least once so you can be sure the
|
||||||
|
steps work. I have lost 4 hours of time to this. Also keep in mind that in the
|
||||||
|
context that `runcmd` runs from, there is no standard input hooked up. You will
|
||||||
|
need to pass `-y` everywhere.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If you want a simple Alpine Linux image to test with, look
|
||||||
|
[here](https://github.com/Xe/alpine-image) for the Alpine Linux images I test
|
||||||
|
with. You can download this image from
|
||||||
|
[here](https://xena.greedo.xeserv.us/pkg/alpine/img/alpine-edge-2021-05-18-cloud-init-within.qcow2)
|
||||||
|
in case you trust that I wouldn't put malware in that image and don't want to
|
||||||
|
make your own.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In the future I plan to use cloud-init _extensively_ within my [new homelab
|
||||||
|
cluster](https://twitter.com/theprincessxena/status/1400592778309115905). I have
|
||||||
|
plans to make a custom VM management service I'm calling
|
||||||
|
[waifud](https://github.com/Xe/waifud). I will write more on that as I have
|
||||||
|
written the software. I currently have a minimum viable prototype of this tool
|
||||||
|
called `mkvm` that I'm using today without any issues. I also will be writing up
|
||||||
|
how I built the cluster and installed NixOS on all the systems in a future
|
||||||
|
article.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
cloud-init is an incredible achievement. It has its warts, but it being used in
|
||||||
|
so many places enables you to make configuring virtual machines so much easier.
|
||||||
|
It [even works on Windows!](https://cloudbase.it/cloudbase-init/). As much as I
|
||||||
|
complain about it in this post, life would be so much worse without it. It
|
||||||
|
allows me to use the magic of the cloud in my local virtual machines so I can
|
||||||
|
get better use out of my hardware.
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue