280 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
280 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
[Chrono][doc] 0.2.22
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====================
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[![Chrono on Travis CI][travis-image]][travis]
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[travis-image]: https://travis-ci.org/lifthrasiir/rust-chrono.png
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[travis]: https://travis-ci.org/lifthrasiir/rust-chrono
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Date and time handling for Rust. (also known as `rust-chrono`)
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It aims to be a feature-complete superset of
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the [time](https://github.com/rust-lang-deprecated/time) library.
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In particular,
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* Chrono strictly adheres to ISO 8601.
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* Chrono is timezone-aware by default, with separate timezone-naive types.
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* Chrono is space-optimal and (while not being the primary goal) reasonably efficient.
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There were several previous attempts to bring a good date and time library to Rust,
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which Chrono builts upon and should acknowledge:
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* [Initial research on
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the wiki](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-wiki-backup/blob/master/Lib-datetime.md)
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* Dietrich Epp's [datetime-rs](https://github.com/depp/datetime-rs)
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* Luis de Bethencourt's [rust-datetime](https://github.com/luisbg/rust-datetime)
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[Complete Documentation][doc]
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[doc]: https://lifthrasiir.github.io/rust-chrono/
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## Usage
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Put this in your `Cargo.toml`:
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```toml
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[dependencies]
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chrono = "0.2"
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```
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And put this in your crate root:
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```rust
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extern crate chrono;
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```
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## Overview
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### Duration
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[`chrono::Duration`](https://lifthrasiir.github.io/rust-chrono/chrono/struct.Duration.html)
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represents the magnitude of a time span. `Duration` used to be provided by Chrono.
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It has been moved to the `time` crate as the
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[`time::Duration`](http://doc.rust-lang.org/time/time/struct.Duration.html) type, but is
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still re-exported from Chrono.
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### Date and Time
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Chrono provides a
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[`DateTime`](https://lifthrasiir.github.io/rust-chrono/chrono/datetime/struct.DateTime.html)
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type to represent a date and a time in a timezone.
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For more abstract moment-in-time tracking such as internal timekeeping
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that is unconcerned with timezones, consider
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[`time::SystemTime`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/time/struct.SystemTime.html),
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which tracks your system clock, or
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[`time::Instant`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/time/struct.Instant.html), which
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is an opaque but monotonically-increasing representation of a moment in time.
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`DateTime` is timezone-aware and must be constructed from
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the `TimeZone` object.
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`DateTime`s with different time zones do not mix, but can be converted to
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each other using the `DateTime::with_timezone` method.
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You can get the current date and time in the UTC time zone (`UTC::now()`)
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or in the local time zone (`Local::now()`).
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~~~~ {.rust}
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use chrono::*;
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let utc: DateTime<UTC> = UTC::now(); // e.g. `2014-11-28T12:45:59.324310806Z`
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let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now(); // e.g. `2014-11-28T21:45:59.324310806+09:00`
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~~~~
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Alternatively, you can create your own date and time.
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This is a bit verbose due to Rust's lack of function and method overloading,
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but in turn we get a rich combination of initialization methods.
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~~~~ {.rust}
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use chrono::*;
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let dt = UTC.ymd(2014, 7, 8).and_hms(9, 10, 11); // `2014-07-08T09:10:11Z`
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// July 8 is 188th day of the year 2014 (`o` for "ordinal")
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assert_eq!(dt, UTC.yo(2014, 189).and_hms(9, 10, 11));
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// July 8 is Tuesday in ISO week 28 of the year 2014.
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assert_eq!(dt, UTC.isoywd(2014, 28, Weekday::Tue).and_hms(9, 10, 11));
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let dt = UTC.ymd(2014, 7, 8).and_hms_milli(9, 10, 11, 12); // `2014-07-08T09:10:11.012Z`
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assert_eq!(dt, UTC.ymd(2014, 7, 8).and_hms_micro(9, 10, 11, 12_000));
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assert_eq!(dt, UTC.ymd(2014, 7, 8).and_hms_nano(9, 10, 11, 12_000_000));
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// dynamic verification
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assert_eq!(UTC.ymd_opt(2014, 7, 8).and_hms_opt(21, 15, 33),
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LocalResult::Single(UTC.ymd(2014, 7, 8).and_hms(21, 15, 33)));
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assert_eq!(UTC.ymd_opt(2014, 7, 8).and_hms_opt(80, 15, 33), LocalResult::None);
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assert_eq!(UTC.ymd_opt(2014, 7, 38).and_hms_opt(21, 15, 33), LocalResult::None);
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// other time zone objects can be used to construct a local datetime.
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// obviously, `local_dt` is normally different from `dt`, but `fixed_dt` should be identical.
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let local_dt = Local.ymd(2014, 7, 8).and_hms_milli(9, 10, 11, 12);
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let fixed_dt = FixedOffset::east(9 * 3600).ymd(2014, 7, 8).and_hms_milli(18, 10, 11, 12);
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assert_eq!(dt, fixed_dt);
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~~~~
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Various properties are available to the date and time, and can be altered individually.
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Most of them are defined in the traits `Datelike` and `Timelike` which you should `use` before.
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Addition and subtraction is also supported.
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The following illustrates most supported operations to the date and time:
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~~~~ {.rust}
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use chrono::*;
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// assume this returned `2014-11-28T21:45:59.324310806+09:00`:
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let dt = Local::now();
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// property accessors
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assert_eq!((dt.year(), dt.month(), dt.day()), (2014, 11, 28));
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assert_eq!((dt.month0(), dt.day0()), (10, 27)); // for unfortunate souls
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assert_eq!((dt.hour(), dt.minute(), dt.second()), (21, 45, 59));
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assert_eq!(dt.weekday(), Weekday::Fri);
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assert_eq!(dt.weekday().number_from_monday(), 5); // Mon=1, ..., Sat=7
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assert_eq!(dt.ordinal(), 332); // the day of year
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assert_eq!(dt.num_days_from_ce(), 735565); // the number of days from and including Jan 1, 1
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// time zone accessor and manipulation
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assert_eq!(dt.offset().local_minus_utc(), Duration::hours(9));
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assert_eq!(dt.timezone(), FixedOffset::east(9 * 3600));
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assert_eq!(dt.with_timezone(&UTC), UTC.ymd(2014, 11, 28).and_hms_nano(12, 45, 59, 324310806));
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// a sample of property manipulations (validates dynamically)
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assert_eq!(dt.with_day(29).unwrap().weekday(), Weekday::Sat); // 2014-11-29 is Saturday
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assert_eq!(dt.with_day(32), None);
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assert_eq!(dt.with_year(-300).unwrap().num_days_from_ce(), -109606); // November 29, 301 BCE
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// arithmetic operations
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assert_eq!(UTC.ymd(2014, 11, 14).and_hms(8, 9, 10) - UTC.ymd(2014, 11, 14).and_hms(10, 9, 8),
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Duration::seconds(-2 * 3600 + 2));
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assert_eq!(UTC.ymd(1970, 1, 1).and_hms(0, 0, 0) + Duration::seconds(1_000_000_000),
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UTC.ymd(2001, 9, 9).and_hms(1, 46, 40));
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assert_eq!(UTC.ymd(1970, 1, 1).and_hms(0, 0, 0) - Duration::seconds(1_000_000_000),
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UTC.ymd(1938, 4, 24).and_hms(22, 13, 20));
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~~~~
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Formatting is done via the `format` method,
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which format is equivalent to the familiar `strftime` format.
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(See the `format::strftime` module documentation for full syntax.)
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The default `to_string` method and `{:?}` specifier also give a reasonable representation.
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Chrono also provides `to_rfc{2822,3339}` methods for well-known formats.
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~~~~ {.rust}
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use chrono::*;
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let dt = UTC.ymd(2014, 11, 28).and_hms(12, 0, 9);
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assert_eq!(dt.format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S").to_string(), "2014-11-28 12:00:09");
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assert_eq!(dt.format("%a %b %e %T %Y").to_string(), "Fri Nov 28 12:00:09 2014");
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assert_eq!(dt.format("%a %b %e %T %Y").to_string(), dt.format("%c").to_string());
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assert_eq!(dt.to_string(), "2014-11-28 12:00:09 UTC");
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assert_eq!(dt.to_rfc2822(), "Fri, 28 Nov 2014 12:00:09 +0000");
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assert_eq!(dt.to_rfc3339(), "2014-11-28T12:00:09+00:00");
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assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", dt), "2014-11-28T12:00:09Z");
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~~~~
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Parsing can be done with three methods:
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1. The standard `FromStr` trait (and `parse` method on a string) can be used for
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parsing `DateTime<FixedOffset>`, `DateTime<UTC>` and `DateTime<Local>` values.
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This parses what the `{:?}` (`std::fmt::Debug`) format specifier prints,
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and requires the offset to be present.
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2. `DateTime::parse_from_str` parses a date and time with offsets and
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returns `DateTime<FixedOffset>`.
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This should be used when the offset is a part of input and the caller cannot guess that.
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It *cannot* be used when the offset can be missing.
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`DateTime::parse_from_rfc{2822,3339}` are similar but for well-known formats.
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3. `Offset::datetime_from_str` is similar but returns `DateTime` of given offset.
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When the explicit offset is missing from the input, it simply uses given offset.
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It issues an error when the input contains an explicit offset different
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from the current offset.
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More detailed control over the parsing process is available via `format` module.
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~~~~ {.rust}
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use chrono::*;
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let dt = UTC.ymd(2014, 11, 28).and_hms(12, 0, 9);
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let fixed_dt = dt.with_timezone(&FixedOffset::east(9*3600));
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// method 1
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assert_eq!("2014-11-28T12:00:09Z".parse::<DateTime<UTC>>(), Ok(dt.clone()));
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assert_eq!("2014-11-28T21:00:09+09:00".parse::<DateTime<UTC>>(), Ok(dt.clone()));
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assert_eq!("2014-11-28T21:00:09+09:00".parse::<DateTime<FixedOffset>>(), Ok(fixed_dt.clone()));
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// method 2
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assert_eq!(DateTime::parse_from_str("2014-11-28 21:00:09 +09:00", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z"),
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Ok(fixed_dt.clone()));
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assert_eq!(DateTime::parse_from_rfc2822("Fri, 28 Nov 2014 21:00:09 +0900"),
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Ok(fixed_dt.clone()));
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assert_eq!(DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339("2014-11-28T21:00:09+09:00"), Ok(fixed_dt.clone()));
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// method 3
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assert_eq!(UTC.datetime_from_str("2014-11-28 12:00:09", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"), Ok(dt.clone()));
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assert_eq!(UTC.datetime_from_str("Fri Nov 28 12:00:09 2014", "%a %b %e %T %Y"), Ok(dt.clone()));
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// oops, the year is missing!
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assert!(UTC.datetime_from_str("Fri Nov 28 12:00:09", "%a %b %e %T %Y").is_err());
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// oops, the format string does not include the year at all!
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assert!(UTC.datetime_from_str("Fri Nov 28 12:00:09", "%a %b %e %T").is_err());
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// oops, the weekday is incorrect!
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assert!(UTC.datetime_from_str("Sat Nov 28 12:00:09 2014", "%a %b %e %T %Y").is_err());
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~~~~
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### Individual date
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Chrono also provides an individual date type (`Date`).
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It also has time zones attached, and have to be constructed via time zones.
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Most operations available to `DateTime` are also available to `Date` whenever appropriate.
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~~~~ {.rust}
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use chrono::*;
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assert_eq!(UTC::today(), UTC::now().date());
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assert_eq!(Local::today(), Local::now().date());
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assert_eq!(UTC.ymd(2014, 11, 28).weekday(), Weekday::Fri);
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assert_eq!(UTC.ymd_opt(2014, 11, 31), LocalResult::None);
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assert_eq!(UTC.ymd(2014, 11, 28).and_hms_milli(7, 8, 9, 10).format("%H%M%S").to_string(),
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"070809");
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~~~~
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There is no timezone-aware `Time` due to the lack of usefulness and also the complexity.
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`DateTime` has `date` method which returns a `Date` which represents its date component.
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There is also a `time` method, which simply returns a naive local time described below.
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### Naive date and time
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Chrono provides naive counterparts to `Date`, (non-existent) `Time` and `DateTime`
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as `NaiveDate`, `NaiveTime` and `NaiveDateTime` respectively.
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They have almost equivalent interfaces as their timezone-aware twins,
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but are not associated to time zones obviously and can be quite low-level.
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They are mostly useful for building blocks for higher-level types.
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Timezone-aware `DateTime` and `Date` types have two methods returning naive versions:
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`naive_local` returns a view to the naive local time,
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and `naive_utc` returns a view to the naive UTC time.
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## Limitations
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Only proleptic Gregorian calendar (i.e. extended to support older dates) is supported.
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Be very careful if you really have to deal with pre-20C dates, they can be in Julian or others.
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Date types are limited in about +/- 262,000 years from the common epoch.
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Time types are limited in the nanosecond accuracy.
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Leap seconds are supported in the representation but Chrono doesn't try to make use of them.
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(The main reason is that leap seconds are not really predictable.)
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Almost *every* operation over the possible leap seconds will ignore them.
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Consider using `NaiveDateTime` with the implicit TAI (International Atomic Time) scale
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if you want.
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Chrono inherently does not support an inaccurate or partial date and time representation.
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Any operation that can be ambiguous will return `None` in such cases.
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For example, "a month later" of 2014-01-30 is not well-defined
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and consequently `UTC.ymd(2014, 1, 30).with_month(2)` returns `None`.
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Advanced time zone handling is not yet supported (but is planned in 0.3).
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