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259 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: "systemd: The Good Parts"
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date: 2021-05-16
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slides_link: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1a0XaGu87xUcpQQVLkrnXKoKrdpN1ObiPrG9aGYVMw7k/edit?usp=sharing
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---
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# systemd: The Good Parts
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[Video](https://youtu.be/TJdKXq197Qk)
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<center><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TJdKXq197Qk" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></center>
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The slides link will be at the end of the post.
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Hello, I'm Xe and today I'm going to do a talk about systemd. More specifically
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the good parts of systemd. This talk is going to go fast because there's a lot
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of material to cover and the notes are going to be on my website. I have been an
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Alpine user for almost a decade and it's one of my favorite linux distributions.
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The best things in life come with disclaimers and here are the disclaimers for this talk:
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- This talk may contain opinions. These opinions are my own and not necessarily
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the opinions of my employer.
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- This talk is not evangelism. This talk is intended to show how green the grass
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is on the other side and how Alpine can benefit from these basic ideas.
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- This talk also contains images of cartoon marine animals.
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[What is systemd?](conversation://Mara/hmm)
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When doing a talk about a thing I find it helps to start with a good definition
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of what that thing is. Given this talk is about systemd let's start with what
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systemd is.
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<center>
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</center>
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systemd is a set of building blocks that you can use to make a linux system.
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This diagram covers most of the parts of systemd. There is everything from
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service management to log management to boot time analysis, network
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configuration, and user logins; but we're only going to cover a tiny fraction of
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this diagram. At a high level systemd provides a common set of tools that you
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can build a linux system with; kind of like lego bricks. It does just manage
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services but it does more than just service management.
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Something else that's useful to ask is "why does systemd exist?" Well, looking
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back at that diagram, computers are actually fairly complicated. There's a lot
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going on over here. There's log management, there's disk management, there's
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service sequencing, network configuration, containers user sessions and most
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importantly all of these things need to happen in order or bad things can
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happen. I mentioned that systemd is more than just a service service manager
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because it has optional components that manage things like dns resolution,
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network devices, user sessions, and user level services among other things.
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One of the big differences between systemd and other things like OpenRC is that
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systemd is a very declarative environment. In declarative environments you
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specify what you want and the system will figure out what it needs to do to get
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there. In an imperative environment you specify all of the steps you need to do
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to get there. It's the difference between writing a sql statement and a for
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loop.
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So, pretend that this somewhat realistic scenario is happening to you: it's 4:00
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am you just got a panicked call from someone at your company that the website is
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down. You log into a server and you want to see if the website is actually down
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or if it's just dns. You probably want to know the answers to these basic
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questions:
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- Does the service manager think your service is running?
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- How much ram is it using?
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- Does it have any child processes?
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- Has it reported it is healthy?
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- How much traffic has it used?
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- What are the last few log lines?
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- If you need to reboot the server right now for some reason, will that service
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come back up on reboot?
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systemd includes a tool called systemctl that allows you to query the status of
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services as well as start and stop them; but for right now we're going to look
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at the systemctl status subcommand. Here is the output for the systemctl status
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command for the service powering christine.website. So let's go down the list:
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- Is the service running? If you look at the red box right there you can see
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that it says say the service has been running for nine hours.
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- How much ram is it using? If you look at the red box there it says it's using
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about 200 megs of ram.
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- How many child processes are there if you look at the red box it'll show you
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all of the processes in the service's cgroup. In this case we'll see that
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there's just one process.
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- How much network traffic has it been using? If we look here in the red box you
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can see it's had about a megabyte of traffic in and somewhat less than a
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megabyte of traffic out. My website serves everything over a unix socket and
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those numbers aren't reflected here but it's actually much higher.
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- At the bottom we can see the last few log lines. These are just random
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requests that people make to my blog.
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[Where did it get those logs from?](conversation://Mara/hmm)
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If you haven't seen all of this in action before you might be wondering
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something like "Wait, where did it get those logs from?"
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I mentioned systemd does more than just start services. systemd has a common log
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sink called the journal. Logs from the kernel, network devices, services, and
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even some other system sources that you may not think are important
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automatically get put into the journal. It's similar to Windows event logs or
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the console app in macOS except it's implicit instead of explicit (Windows and
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macOS make you use some weird logging calls to make sure that log lines actually
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get in there, but systemd will capture the standard output, standard error and
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syslog for every service managed by systemd). Something neat about the journal
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is that it lets you tail the logs for the entire system with one command:
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`journalctl -f`. Here's that command running on a server of mine:
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There's a lot more to the journal involving structured logging, automatically
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streaming the logs to places, and advanced filtering based off of different
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units, services, or other arbitrary fields; however that is out of scope for
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this talk. The important part is that it has support for that in case you
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actually need it.
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Now this is all great, and you might be think asking yourself "well, yeah, this
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stuff is cool; but how does Alpine fit into this? Alpine can't run systemd
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because systemd is glibc specific." However we're not talking about systemd
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directly, we're talking about the philosophies involved and the truth is that
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this kind of experience is what people already have elsewhere. By not having
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something competitive Alpine is less and less attractive for newer production
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deployments.
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Now there's at least four classes of benefits for systemd and I'm going to break
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them down into the following groups:
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- developers
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- packagers
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- system administrators
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- users
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In general people that are developing services that run on systemd get the following benefits:
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- Predictability. systemd configuration files are declarative rather than
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imperative. You declare units instead of imperatively building up init
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scripts. Options are declared and enforced by the service manager. This makes
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it a lot easier to review changes for correctness.
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- Portability. when setting up a service with systemd there's only one syntax to
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learn across 15 plus different distributions. This means that you don't have
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to maintain a giant pile of hacks to make the program just start consistently
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across different distributions and you can only care about the systemd unit
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that will make everything happen for you. Before systemd was widespread every
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distribution had their own unique special snowflake configuration for init
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systems and it really just wasn't that nice to deal with. Ubuntu had different
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opinions from Debian, Debian and opensuse had different opinions, and centos
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was way out in the weeds and it just became hard to do this consistently
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across distributions. Something declarative like systemd makes doing it across
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distributions a lot easier by comparison.
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- One of the other big things that it has is a api for controlling things with
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dbus. Now, say what you will about dbus but dbus does have some very rich
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introspection capabilities, as well as giving you the ability to integrate
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with system services at a level that more closely resembles what you get on
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windows or macOS (or even something like sel4 with microkernel message
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passing). You don't have to shell out to commands and pray the output format
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didn't change. You don't have to do some weird calls to unix sockets. It uses
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standard apis and allows you to integrate things more tightly with the system.
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Gnome for example uses systemd to trigger suspend and shutdown, as well as
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having a way a little gui to query the systemd journal. Server software can
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subscribe to units being started for auditing purposes and such.
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Packagers or people that are putting software into packages get the following benefits:
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- It is a lot easier to write a systemd unit than it is to write an OpenRC
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script. systemd units are very bland and boring, they look like ini files. It is
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going to be pretty obvious that it just does what it does and there's nothing
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special going on. And because of this declarative syntax it makes human error
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a lot more obvious and it is a lot easier for other humans to review.
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- Now, don't get me wrong, shell scripts for service definitions have gotten
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us a very long way and are likely to stay around for a very long time (I
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actually use shell scripts with most of my systemd services to do weird things
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with environment variables for configuration). However, shell scripting is a
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very, very subtle art and it is very easy to mess up and do things that are
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very unpredictable if you are not extremely careful. The declarative syntax of
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systemd removes the ability for you to mess up formatting shell scripts; or at
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the very least it isolates the flaws of the shell script to the exact service
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running and not things like the user that the service is running under.
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system administrators of systemd systems also get the following benefits:
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- systemctl status and a lot of other parts of systemctl let you see what the
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system or an individual service is doing without having to wonder if it's
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actually working or not. In general the lazy the lazy thing is the thing that
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you want to optimize for because people are distracted. There is a lot going
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on sometimes and if you optimize it so that the easiest thing to do is the
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correct thing then it is a lot easier to deal with when you have a distracted
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operator. systemd is set up so that it's hard to do the wrong thing. It is
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hard to have logs go anywhere about the system journal. It is hard to write a
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unit that doesn't tell you if the service is actually running or not. And it
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makes it so that the path of least resistance will do most of what you want.
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- Sometimes system administrators have opinions that are different than the
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opinions of the packager. Sometimes you need to change environment variables
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for http proxies or something and sometimes you believe the packager has
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different opinions than you do about how something should be run. In OpenRC
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you'd have to make a copy of the init script, make your changes, and then hope
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those changes don't get blown away when the package updates. systemd has a
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first-class mechanism for doing this called drop-in units that allow you to
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customize parts of a systemd service so that you can override exactly what you
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need to (and only that) and systemd will turn the all of those into one big
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logical unit and actually go off and run that. This has been very useful in
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practice.
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- Another thing that is kind of endemic to sysvinit and OpenRC systems is the
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fact that unless you are careful and configure it right cron job output will
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just go to nowhere and there is not really an easy way to figure out if a cron
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job actually ran and if it errored or if it did exactly what you wanted. If I
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recall there was actually an entire small startup that was formed around just
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alerting for cron jobs that were not doing what they should be doing. systemd
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changes this systemd because all of the logs are in the journal. If you set up
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a systemd timer (which is the systemd land equivalent to a cron job) all of
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the output for the service associated with that timer gets put into the
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journal and you can see exactly what went wrong so you can go off and fix it.
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This has saved me so much time and headache trying to do this stuff manually.
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- Another thing that you can do is you can group services together with targets
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which are kind of like named runlevels. Targets let you specify the difference
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between the system booting the network stack is configured and all of the
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services needed for your app are running. You can get a list of dependencies
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from systemd for any service and you can also use that to help you plan
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incident response, so it is more difficult to have hidden dependencies.
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As far as users go:
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- systemd is not limited to just managing system level services systemd can also
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manage user services with systemd user mode. I use this on my Linux system in
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order to have a couple services running in the background querying for weather
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or a couple other api calls to put them into my status bar on my tiling window
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manager (sway). I have another one that runs emacs in server mode so that I can
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have one giant emacs session that will automatically start on login. I can put
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hundreds and hundreds of buffers in there and not have to worry about it. I can
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spawn new emacs frames instantly, it's really beautiful.
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- You can also query all of the system journal logs as a normal user and you
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don't have to sudo up and go into the logs folder. So if you just want to take
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a quick look at something, you don't have to type in your password or hit a
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yubikey press or whatever you have configured.
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[I hope Alpine ends up with something similar!](conversation://Mara/happy)
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I really hope alpine comes up with something similar to systemd. Alpine can
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really benefit from a tightly integrated service manager that does at least some
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of the things that systemd does. Declarative really is better than imperative
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because declarative is easier for distracted operators.
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People get distracted. It happens, and when distracted people do things it can
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sometimes have bad consequences. So if we make the tools powerful, but
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implicitly correct, then it will just be a lot better overall and users will
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have a lot less worry involved.
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On that note we are very close to hitting time so here's my shout outs to people
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who either help make this talk happen or I think are cool.
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if you have any questions please feel free to ping me on twitter, in the irc
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room, or on the compact page on my website. I enjoy these kinds of questions and
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I openly welcome you to ask them.
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Thank you, have a good day.
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