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How Nix and NixOS Get So Close to Perfect

Author's Note

Since my last talk was so well-recieved, I thought I'd do this talk on NixOS much in the same way as I did in the systemd one. I have published this talk as a slide deck, a transcript (thanks to massaged YouTube auto-captions) and finally as a YouTube recording of the talk itself. I submitted this as a prerecorded talk to PackagingCon.

This format of talk takes so long to put together, but I feel the result is worth it. I get to use skills that I rarely get to pull out of my hat. Enjoy!

YouTube Embed

YouTube link: https://youtu.be/qjq2wVEpSsA

Transcript

Hi, my name is Xe. Today I'm going to talk about Nix and NixOS. This is my favorite Linux distribution and it's one of my favorite tools for building software. However it has a lot of rough edges that make it hard to learn and make it just not as perfect as it could be. In this talk I'm going to go over a lot of what makes it great and what I'd love to see make it even better.

As I said my name is Xe. I write a lot about Nix and NixOS and use it a lot personally and soon professionally. As a disclaimer, this presentation may contain opinions. These opinions are my own and not necessarily the opinion of my employer. I do not intend ill will to any people or their work in this presentation, and I want this to be better because I am passionate about these tools. I believe that this is the best and obvious choice to do things.

The qr code on the slide links to my website christine.website. I'll have the talk on the website within the same day the presentation you're watching right now.

Why NixOS is Great

Let's start with why NixOS is great. NixOS is great because it lets you pick from cookie cutter templates to make a server do exactly what you want. It builds on the shoulders of giants to make it easy and effective to make your servers built purpose. As an example here's a little NixOS module that enables nginx and postgres on a server.

That's it! This modularity also extends to your own custom modules. I've done some write-ups on how to write these custom modules but here's an example for my gemini server.

Finally, one of the best parts of NixOS is that it makes it hard to do something the wrong way. You can't just hack up a systemd unit on the fly. You need to do it the right way in configuration management. This makes it easier for you to ensure servers aren't being tampered with without going through a review process and so you can go back to a project in six months and still have some idea on how it's supposed to run on a computer.

However one of the biggest things in my book is the fact that NixOS lets you undo configuration changes. Worst case you might need to reboot into an older config; but in general if you mess something up you can go back. This is a lifesaver, especially when you mess up network configuration.

So this sounds great and all but you might be thinking "there's a catch, right?" There is a catch, it is hard to learn. The tooling and documentation are not the best and they are the most important parts of the stack that you deal with when you're learning it.

This is a little comic showing a rocket-powered wagon which is kind of what NixOS can feel like at times. One of the bigger tooling issues is somewhat technical somewhat social right now the Nix universe is in the middle of switching to a new hermetic view of the world they call "flakes". Flakes has a lot of differences between classic Nix and it makes a lot of techniques and configuration non-transferable between the two. It has effectively soft split the community between people that use flakes and people that don't use flakes. I personally don't use flakes because I haven't seen good arguments as for why I should.

Nix the language can look a bit like a combination of haskell and bash in ways that are kind of deceiving to people that don't have solid experience with haskell or other functional programming languages. This is a little bit of code that breaks a host colon porn thing into just the port number so that you can add it to a firewall rule. Additionally it also checks if you have tls enabled with the http certification for Let's Encrypt and adds port 80 for that. If you aren't really familiar with Haskell or other functional languages (and without the 14 plus lines of comments explaining what's going on from the place i pulled this from), it's going to be difficult to understand what's going on.

Another annoying part is that Nix the package manager, Nix the language and NixOS the operating system all have very similar names and kind of semantically override. I have created a handy diagram that maps out the relationships between them and here it is:

Nix the language is not nix the package manager, even though Nix the package manager uses Nix the language in order to do things. NixOS the os is not Nix the package manager even though it uses Nix the package manager to manage packages. NixOS the os is not Nix the language even though NixOS uses Nix to configure itself. The overall relationship is similar to the holy trinity or javascript equality rules and can be a bit deceiving to learn at first.

Another paper cut is that Nix does have a REPL so that you can hack up things quickly and so you can get to learn the language a bit better. However, the REPL can take different syntax than you can put in files. If I want to declare a variable like foo = "bar" and then use it somewhere in the REPL, I have to do foo = "bar" without a semicolon and without a let. That can be very annoying at first because you can hack up something in a REPL and then your instinct is to go and paste it into a file; but you need to edit it a little bit and it's not entirely obvious at first.

NixOS has modules to configure itself, however these modules are only as flexible as they are written to be. If someone doesn't allow you to do a certain type of configuration to a module to a program that's behind an NixOS module, you just can't do it without fixing the module. These sort of make them more like templates instead of functions for reaching a desired system state. However, this will get you most of the way there (but when you get into very complicated setups it can get challenging).

Adding on to this, most of the modules in the standard set that are shipped with NixOS are not documented in the NixOS manual, including nginx. There's a search site that lets you query the list of options in the standard set, however if you're not entirely sure what you're doing there's not always a good template to start from when your needs change beyond what the NixOS module is doing. You can actually monkey patch it, however you have to monkey patch the side effects of the modules rather than monkey patching the module itself. As an example of an obscure module let's look at WeeChat. WeeChat is an irc client (it's the one I use) and NixOS has the ability to manage WeeChat for you.

This is all the documentation for the WeeChat module. All of these things expand out and have more detail, but these are all the settings that you have directly. Another thing about this module is that it's great for running one instance of Weechat, but if you want to run multiple copies of it or like a community shell box you either need to write your own NixOS module that allows you to do that or use NixOS containers to do that. At that point why not use Docker?

Another huge paper cut is with disclosure and vulnerability detection for security reasons. Something important for both standard production and certification is the ability to answer the question "how do I know a server is patched against a certain vulnerability?" There are a lot of inherent advantages to NixOS that would make this a lot easier however there is not really a good way to do it. There are not regular communications about security vulnerabilities. This can make certification difficult.

Another annoying thing is backports. There are no hard rules on what is to be backported and what is not to be backported which means that packages in stable branches likely will bitrot from what the upstream intended. Most of the time you can run NixOS unstable to work around this, but it may not be the best idea to run the unstable branch in production.

Also if you want to configure PAM to do something special such as send a slack message to some channel whenever someone logs into a machine or runs a sudo command and that option is not already in the pam options in nixpkgs, you're basically doomed because pam is not very configurable on NixOS. The PAM modules offer you the ability to enable things like TOTP two factor auth, but that's about it.

Another annoyance comes when you're trying to deploy software on a production cluster using Nix itself. There's not really a good tool in the standard Nix tool set for this but there are tools like NixOps and Morph. These allow you to describe the state of your entire fleet of computers with the same NixOS module syntax that you use for local machines. However the documentation for these is lacking. NixOps does have a fairly decent manual and the documentation for Morph is a bunch of example configuration files. I have a little screenshot of part of my morph configuration for my home lab. This manages the NixOS machine under my desk. There are other options than using NixOps and Morph however these are the more Nix native approaches to do it.

Because NixOps and Morph aren't very documented it makes it an annoying catch-22 situation where learning NixOps and Morph requires you to already know how NixOps and Morph work, which can make it hard to get started from scratch. This is part of the reason why I make all of my NixOS configs public on GitHub. It lets people have something to go off of when they're trying to figure out how to do more complicated things. Without publishing my configs on GitHub I would be afraid that people would get incredibly lost (like I was when i was trying to figure it all out).

As an example of things that just got me totally lost let's talk about keys. NixOps and Morph use the term "key" where other ecosystems would use the term "secret". They basically allow you to have values that aren't managed in your git repo for things like database credentials, AWS credentials or other api keys. Normally you want to have things so that this service (for example, this service that I wrote for myself called mi) depends on the keys for it being present. In NixOps and Morph what you're supposed to do is you're supposed to make a secret for that. It will create a systemd service and then you sequence the systemd job to start after the key. However, the documentation doesn't really make it clear on how to do this; and I had to figure this out by searching GitHub for NixOS code, praying someone already figured it out and made it open source.

Another annoyance is that you can't pull values from other machines in your cluster. If you have a VPN with a dynamic ip address and you want to pull that ip address to use in various bits of configuration, You're going to have to hard code it somewhere; which means that it's a bit more difficult to do things dynamically. In comparison when using something like Ansible it is trivial to pull this information off of a machine with its fact system.

A Vision of A Better Place

Finally let's talk about what I think could make all of this better easier to learn (and a much more obvious choice for production). These are my ideas. They may not entirely work in the real world but in an ideal world this is what I'd love to see.

First of all I would love to see the documentation being the strongest part of the NixOS ecosystem. Documentation is the difference between understanding something and not understanding something. You generally have to understand something to be able to use it productively. In general, the standard documentation should cover how to get started, what you can do, and detailed documentation on every single thing that ships with NixOS by default. There should be no module in the library of modules without documentation on how to use it and an example or two of where you'd use some of the weirder options.

Error messages are also critical for understanding what's going on. Here is an example of an error message that i have encountered in Nix and NixOS a lot of times that just has utterly baffled me every time. No adding the --show-trace flag does not show more detailed location information. In this case I got it by sequencing a package import in the wrong place in a way that didn't seem obvious to me, but without better error messages you you just have no idea what's going on.

Let's consider some examples of better error messages I've seen around in other projects. Here's Rest and Elm. In this case Rust is saying that "I don't know what you're doing with this value, you're trying to return something from an if statement but then you're just totally ignoring it" and in Elm List.nap is used in place of List.map. In both of them the compiler tries to work with you to help you figure out what went wrong. Another great thing about what Rust does is that it has error codes that you can google for when you have something going wrong so that you can more easily understand what you're doing wrong and how to learn how to not do it in the future.

This is being worked on, here's an example of what the better error messages look like. I just wish this was here sooner.

NOTE: this was true at the time of recording (late October 2021), but it has since landed with Nix 2.4. Good work, Nix team!

Another way that things could get a lot better is by taking advantage of language specific package managers to automatically figure out what to do instead of having to fight them against what they are doing. There are tools that automate this but ideally I'd like to see this just automatically happen using import from derivation or something like that. As it is right now packaging things like Go, Node and other things are really iterative and annoyingly non-trivial.

Maybe it would be better to have modules act kind of more like functions than templates. It would be nice to have modules return something that you can splice into your configuration instead of the modules being enabling something into your configuration so that you can manually monkey patch things and run multiple instances of a service if you wanted to. You can work around this (like I mentioned) but it would be better if this was a native solution.

And that about wraps it up. NixOS is actually pretty great it's just really frustrating to get started with. I really wish it was easier but right now it just isn't. If you have any questions about this talk please feel free to ping me on twitter or some contact method on my website. I love answering these questions. I'll stick around in the chat for a bit and answer questions if you want to ask them there. Thank you, stay safe and be well.

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