228 lines
9.8 KiB
Markdown
228 lines
9.8 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: "Goodbye Kubernetes"
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date: 2021-01-03
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---
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Well, since I posted [that last post](/blog/k8s-pondering-2020-12-31) I have had
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an adventure. A good friend pointed out a server host that I had missed when I
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was looking for other places to use, and now I have migrated my blog to this new
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server. As of yesterday, I now run my website on a dedicated server in Finland.
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Here is the story of my journey to migrate 6 years of cruft and technical debt
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to this new server.
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Let's talk about this goliath of a server. This server is an AX41 from Hetzner.
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It has 64 GB of ram, a 512 GB nvme drive, 3 2 TB drives, and a Ryzen 3600. For
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all practical concerns, this beast is beyond overkill and rivals my workstation
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tower in everything but the GPU power. I have named it `lufta`, which is the
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word for feather in [L'ewa](https://lewa.within.website/dictionary.html).
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## Assimilation
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For my server setup process, the first step it to assimilate it. In this step I
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get a base NixOS install on it somehow. Since I was using Hetzner, I was able to
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boot into a NixOS install image using the process documented
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[here](https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Install_NixOS_on_Hetzner_Online). Then I decided
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that it would also be cool to have this server use
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[zfs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS) as its filesystem to take advantage of
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its legendary subvolume and snapshotting features.
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So I wrote up a bootstrap system definition like the Hetzner tutorial said and
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ended up with `hosts/lufta/bootstrap.nix`:
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```nix
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{ pkgs, ... }:
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{
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services.openssh.enable = true;
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users.users.root.openssh.authorizedKeys.keys = [
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"ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIPg9gYKVglnO2HQodSJt4z4mNrUSUiyJQ7b+J798bwD9 cadey@shachi"
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];
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networking.usePredictableInterfaceNames = false;
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systemd.network = {
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enable = true;
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networks."eth0".extraConfig = ''
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[Match]
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Name = eth0
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[Network]
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# Add your own assigned ipv6 subnet here here!
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Address = 2a01:4f9:3a:1a1c::/64
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Gateway = fe80::1
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# optionally you can do the same for ipv4 and disable DHCP (networking.dhcpcd.enable = false;)
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Address = 135.181.162.99/26
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Gateway = 135.181.162.65
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'';
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};
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boot.supportedFilesystems = [ "zfs" ];
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environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [ wget vim zfs ];
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}
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```
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Then I fired up the kexec tarball and waited for the server to boot into a NixOS
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live environment. A few minutes later I was in. I started formatting the drives
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according to the [NixOS install
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guide](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html#sec-installation) with
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one major difference: I added a `/boot` ext4 partition on the SSD. This allows
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me to have the system root device on zfs. I added the disks to a `raidz1` pool
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and created a few volumes. I also added the SSD as a log device so I get SSD
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caching.
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From there I installed NixOS as normal and rebooted the server. It booted
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normally. I had a shiny new NixOS server in the cloud! I noticed that the server
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had booted into NixOS unstable as opposed to NixOS 20.09 like my other nodes. I
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thought "ah, well, that probably isn't a problem" and continued to the
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configuration step.
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[That's ominous...](conversation://Mara/hmm)
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## Configuration
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Now that the server was assimilated and I could SSH into it, the next step was
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to configure it to run my services. While I was waiting for Hetzner to provision
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my server I ported a bunch of my services over to Nixops services [a-la this
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post](/blog/nixops-services-2020-11-09) in [this
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folder](https://github.com/Xe/nixos-configs/tree/master/common/services) of my
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configs repo.
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Now that I had them, it was time to add this server to my Nixops setup. So I
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opened the [nixops definition
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folder](https://github.com/Xe/nixos-configs/tree/master/nixops/hexagone) and
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added the metadata for `lufta`. Then I added it to my Nixops deployment with
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this command:
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```console
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$ nixops modify -d hexagone -n hexagone *.nix
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```
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Then I copied over the autogenerated config from `lufta`'s `/etc/nixos/` folder
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into
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[`hosts/lufta`](https://github.com/Xe/nixos-configs/tree/master/hosts/lufta) and
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ran a `nixops deploy` to add some other base configuration.
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## Migration
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Once that was done, I started enabling my services and pushing configs to test
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them. After I got to a point where I thought things would work I opened up the
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Kubernetes console and started deleting deployments on my kubernetes cluster as
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I felt "safe" to migrate them over. Then I saw the deployments come back. I
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deleted them again and they came back again.
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Oh, right. I enabled that one Kubernetes service that made it intentionally hard
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to delete deployments. One clever set of scale-downs and kills later and I was
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able to kill things with wild abandon.
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I copied over the gitea data with `rsync` running in the kubernetes deployment.
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Then I killed the gitea deployment, updated DNS and reran a whole bunch of gitea
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jobs to resanify the environment. I did a test clone on a few of my repos and
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then I deleted the gitea volume from DigitalOcean.
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Moving over the other deployments from Kubernetes into NixOS services was
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somewhat easy, however I did need to repackage a bunch of my programs and static
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sites for NixOS. I made the
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[`pkgs`](https://github.com/Xe/nixos-configs/tree/master/pkgs) tree a bit more
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fleshed out to compensate.
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[Okay, packaging static sites in NixOS is beyond overkill, however a lot of them
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need some annoyingly complicated build steps and throwing it all into Nix means
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that we can make them reproducible and use one build system to rule them
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all. Not to mention that when I need to upgrade the system, everything will
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rebuild with new system libraries to avoid the <a
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href="https://blog.tidelift.com/bit-rot-the-silent-killer">Docker bitrot
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problem</a>.](conversation://Mara/hacker)
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## Reboot Test
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After a significant portion of the services were moved over, I decided it was
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time to do the reboot test. I ran the `reboot` command and then...nothing.
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My continuous ping test was timing out. My phone was blowing up with downtime
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messages from NodePing. Yep, I messed something up.
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I was able to boot the server back into a NixOS recovery environment using the
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kexec trick, and from there I was able to prove the following:
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- The zfs setup is healthy
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- I can read some of the data I migrated over
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- I can unmount and remount the ZFS volumes repeatedly
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I was confused. This shouldn't be happening. After half an hour of
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troubleshooting, I gave in and ordered an IPKVM to be installed in my server.
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Once that was set up (and I managed to trick MacOS into letting me boot a .jnlp
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web start file), I rebooted the server so I could see what error I was getting
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on boot. I missed it the first time around, but on the second time I was able to
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capture this screenshot:
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Then it hit me. I did the install on NixOS unstable. My other servers use NixOS
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20.09. I had downgraded zfs and the older version of zfs couldn't mount the
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volume created by the newer version of zfs in read/write mode. One more trip to
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the recovery environment later to install NixOS unstable in a new generation.
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Then I switched my tower's default NixOS channel to the unstable channel and ran
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`nixops deploy` to reactivate my services. After the NodePing uptime
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notifications came in, I ran the reboot test again while looking at the console
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output to be sure.
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It booted. It worked. I had a stable setup. Then I reconnected to IRC and passed
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out.
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## Services Migrated
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Here is a list of all of the services I have migrated over from my old dedicated
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server, my kubernetes cluster and my dokku server:
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- aerial -> discord chatbot
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- goproxy -> go modules proxy
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- lewa -> https://lewa.within.website
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- hlang -> https://h.christine.website
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- mi -> https://mi.within.website
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- printerfacts -> https://printerfacts.cetacean.club
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- xesite -> https://xeiaso.net
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- graphviz -> https://graphviz.christine.website
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- idp -> https://idp.christine.website
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- oragono -> ircs://irc.within.website:6697/
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- tron -> discord bot
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- withinbot -> discord bot
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- withinwebsite -> https://within.website
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- gitea -> https://tulpa.dev
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- other static sites
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Doing this migration is a bit of an archaeology project as well. I was
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continuously discovering services that I had littered over my machines with very
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poorly documented requirements and configuration. I hope that this move will let
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the next time I do this kind of migration be a lot easier by comparison.
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I still have a few other services to move over, however the ones that are left
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are much more annoying to set up properly. I'm going to get to deprovision 5
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servers in this migration and as a result get this stupidly powerful goliath of
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a server to do whatever I want with and I also get to cut my monthly server
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costs by over half.
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I am very close to being able to turn off the Kubernetes cluster and use NixOS
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for everything. A few services that are still on the Kubernetes cluster are
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resistant to being nixified, so I may have to use the Docker containers for
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that. I was hoping to be able to cut out Docker entirely, however we don't seem
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to be that lucky yet.
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Sure, there is some added latency with the server being in Europe instead of
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Montreal, however if this ever becomes a practical issue I can always launch a
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cheap DigitalOcean VPS in Toronto to act as a DNS server for my WireGuard setup.
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Either way, I am now off Kubernetes for my highest traffic services. If services
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of mine need to use the disk, they can now just use the disk. If I really care
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about the data, I can add the service folders to the list of paths to back up to
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`rsync.net` (I have a post about how this backup process works in the drafting
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stage) via [borgbackup](https://www.borgbackup.org/).
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Let's hope it stays online!
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---
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Many thanks to [Graham Christensen](https://twitter.com/grhmc), [Dave
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Anderson](https://twitter.com/dave_universetf) and everyone else who has been
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helping me along this journey. I would be lost without them.
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